Post on 07-Jan-2016
description
transcript
Created by Judika Webb,BA English, MA Professional Writing and Rhetoric
Understanding Rhetorical Understanding Rhetorical AnalysisAnalysis
33
What is Rhetoric?What is Rhetoric?
Rhetoric can be defined as the Art of PersuasionRhetoric can be defined as the Art of Persuasion
44
Rhetoric Defined furtherRhetoric Defined further
RhetoricRhetoric is one of the arts of using language is one of the arts of using language as a means to persuade. From Ancient Greece as a means to persuade. From Ancient Greece to the late 19th Century, it was a central part of to the late 19th Century, it was a central part of Western education, filling the need to train Western education, filling the need to train public speakers and writers to move audiences public speakers and writers to move audiences to action with arguments. In its broadest to action with arguments. In its broadest sense, rhetoric concerns human discourse.sense, rhetoric concerns human discourse.
55“The School of Athens” Raphael 1509-1510 Vatican, Rome
66
The Academy in Athens depicted here by the artist, The Academy in Athens depicted here by the artist, Raphael in his fresco “School of Athens,” 1509-Raphael in his fresco “School of Athens,” 1509-1510 is in the Vatican (Rome). The Academy in 1510 is in the Vatican (Rome). The Academy in Athens was the center for the study in the ancient Athens was the center for the study in the ancient world. Each figure is thought to be one of the world. Each figure is thought to be one of the many famous Philosophers of Ancient Greece. many famous Philosophers of Ancient Greece. Early Philosophers studied and wrote on the art of Early Philosophers studied and wrote on the art of persuasion, one of them being Aristotle (384-322 persuasion, one of them being Aristotle (384-322 BC) a teacher at the Academy who wrote Ars BC) a teacher at the Academy who wrote Ars Retorica (The Art of Rhetoric) Many of the ideas Retorica (The Art of Rhetoric) Many of the ideas developed at the Academy in Athens still influence developed at the Academy in Athens still influence how we approach this topic today.how we approach this topic today.
77
How are Audiences How are Audiences Persuaded?Persuaded?
The speaker, writer, The speaker, writer, photographer, etc. photographer, etc. appeals to them using appeals to them using the Rhetorical Appeals the Rhetorical Appeals to the Audience: to the Audience:
Logos-The Logical AppealLogos-The Logical Appeal Pathos-The Emotional AppealPathos-The Emotional Appeal Ethos-The Ethical AppealEthos-The Ethical Appeal
88
So, in other words, these appeals help to So, in other words, these appeals help to persuade an audience and all three need to persuade an audience and all three need to work together to make an effective argument.work together to make an effective argument.
99
You must appeal to your You must appeal to your audience!audience!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=quH_pymfS8Q&feature=fvst
Let’s watch a speaker appealing to his audience
1010
The Logical AppealThe Logical Appeal
Involves the Presentation of Evidence
Imagine you are selected for jury duty in a capital murder case. You are being asked to find someone innocent or guilty of murder. What types of evidence would you need to convict or acquit a person?
1111
Types of EvidenceTypes of Evidence
There are many There are many types of types of evidence. evidence. Imagine all the Imagine all the evidence you evidence you would need to would need to acquit or convict acquit or convict someone of someone of murder. murder.
Show me the evidence!
1212
Expert Voices Expert Voices
Example:Example:The renowned forensic scientist, Henry The renowned forensic scientist, Henry Lee explaining the blood splatters Lee explaining the blood splatters found at the O. J. Simpson residence.found at the O. J. Simpson residence.
Types of EvidenceTypes of Evidence
Expert voices add credibility to an
argument
1313
Expert Voices ContinuedExpert Voices Continued
Expert Expert Example: “How does one Example: “How does one determine whether a law is just or determine whether a law is just or unjust? A just law is a man made unjust? A just law is a man made code that squares with the moral code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. An unjust law or the law of God. An unjust law is a code that is out of law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law. To harmony with the moral law. To put it in the terms of St. Thomas put it in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas: An unjust law is a Aquinas: An unjust law is a human law that is not rooted in human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law. Any eternal law and natural law. Any law that uplifts human personality law that uplifts human personality is just. Any law that degrades is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust.” human personality is unjust.” (King, (1963) “Letter from (King, (1963) “Letter from Birmingham Jail.”)Birmingham Jail.”)
An expert - is someone widely recognized as a reliable source of technique or skill whose faculty for judging or deciding rightly, justly, or wisely is accorded authority and status by their peers or the public in a specific well-distinguished domain.
1414
Types of EvidenceTypes of Evidence
TestimonyTestimony Example:Example:
eye witnesses toeye witnesses to
something specific something specific
I swear I heard some noises, dude
1515
Testamony continuedTestamony continued
Testimony - form of evidence that is obtained Testimony - form of evidence that is obtained from a witness who makes a solemn statement from a witness who makes a solemn statement or declaration of fact - are eye-witness or declaration of fact - are eye-witness accounts, from the horse’s mouth, (consider: accounts, from the horse’s mouth, (consider: My last will and Testament, the New My last will and Testament, the New Testament, the Old Testament, etc.Testament, the Old Testament, etc.
1616
Types of EvidenceTypes of Evidence
Reference to Reference to HistoryHistory
This is the first time I ever did this!
Weren’t you on our show last month!
To Catch a Predator
1717
Reference to History Reference to History continuedcontinued
A reference to history is often used to A reference to history is often used to demonstrate a trend, behavioral pattern or re-demonstrate a trend, behavioral pattern or re-occurring events.occurring events.
In the O.J. case, several 911 tapes were In the O.J. case, several 911 tapes were introduced attempting to show a pattern of introduced attempting to show a pattern of violent behavior and spousal abuse.violent behavior and spousal abuse.
1818
Other types of EvidenceOther types of Evidence
StatisticsStatistics FactsFacts Judgments (based Judgments (based
on facts)on facts) Analogies Analogies
(comparisons)(comparisons) Anecdotes (one Anecdotes (one
or a series of or a series of specific specific incidences)incidences)
1919
Facts and AnecedotesFacts and Anecedotes
A Fact is defined as something that cannot be A Fact is defined as something that cannot be disputed. Example: it is 78 degrees Fahrenheit at this disputed. Example: it is 78 degrees Fahrenheit at this moment. moment.
An anecdote is a short narrative (story). These are An anecdote is a short narrative (story). These are often used in advertising in the form of testimonials. often used in advertising in the form of testimonials. For example, when a patient vouches for a particular For example, when a patient vouches for a particular cream that helped cure his athlete's feet, he may tell cream that helped cure his athlete's feet, he may tell the story of how bad his feet were before and how the the story of how bad his feet were before and how the cream cured the menacing problem. cream cured the menacing problem.
2020
Consider the Consider the following:following:
How would Expert Voices look in an essay? How would Expert Voices look in an essay? How would testimony look in an essay?How would testimony look in an essay? How would reference to history look in an essay?How would reference to history look in an essay?
2121
AnswerAnswer
According to Henry Lee, “the blood splatters at the O. According to Henry Lee, “the blood splatters at the O. J. residence indicate the first stab wound was inflicted J. residence indicate the first stab wound was inflicted near the front door entry.”near the front door entry.”
In an interview with Kato Kalin, he stated that on the In an interview with Kato Kalin, he stated that on the night of the murder, he heard noises at the side of the night of the murder, he heard noises at the side of the house.”house.”
Nicole Simpson, called 911 at least nine times Nicole Simpson, called 911 at least nine times claiming her ex husband was either behaving claiming her ex husband was either behaving violently or had assaulted her.violently or had assaulted her.
2222
The Ethical Appeal The Ethical Appeal
Revolves around the Moral
Character of the Speaker Demonstration of GoodwillDemonstration of Goodwill Personal Experience Personal Experience ReputationReputation CredibilityCredibility Attitude toward the AudienceAttitude toward the Audience http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=PbUtL_0vAJk
“I Have a Dream” speech
2323
The Ethical Appeal The Ethical Appeal continuedcontinued
Education (Formal and informal)KnowledgeAppearanceHow the speaker/writer uses logos and pathosStyle VocabularyChoice of ReferencesPassionEffort
2424
ThinkThinkWhat made you vote for your Candidate in the last What made you vote for your Candidate in the last
election?election?
How did each candidate use the ethical appeal in his campaign? What presidential ads do you remember that focused on the Ethos of the Candidate?
2525
The Emotional AppealThe Emotional Appeal
The attempt to persuade by appealing to the audience’s emotions; consciously planning and argument with the intent of exerting specific emotions from the audience.
2626
Emotional ImagesEmotional Images
How might these images be used to make an argument in a photostory?
2727
The Logical FallaciesThe Logical Fallacies
Often evidence presented in an argument are Logical Fallacies, these are often used in a court of law, in advertising, on websites, in articles, etc. Although logical fallacies are errors in reasoning, they can sway audiences, therefore, being effective. However, using these says something about one’s ethos.
The following illustration is an example of the slippery slope fallacy.Event X has occurred (or will or might occur). Therefore event Y will inevitably happen.
2828
http://http://www.logicalfallacies.iwww.logicalfallacies.info/nfo/
Identify Logical Fallacies Identify Logical Fallacies whenwhen analyzing an argument. Logical analyzing an argument. Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning.fallacies are errors in reasoning.
List of Logical FallaciesList of Logical Fallacies
4949
Before you begin writing a persuasive or
argumenatative essay, answer these questions:
3535
How will you use your knowledge, experience,
authority, goodwill, attitude, choice of
sources, style, vocabulary, reputation and passion to establish
your Ethos?
3636
Consciously think about your audience
as you write, and how will you appeal to their emotions?
3311
What evidence will you present, and how will you manipulate your argument to win over your audience logically?
3311