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Typical Chart of Accounts
ASSETS (100-199)Current Assets (100-150)101 Cash105 Accounts Receivable107 Inventory
Long-Term Assets (151-199)151 Land152 Building
LIABILITIES (200-299)Current Liabilities (200-219)201 Notes Payable202 Accounts Payable
Long-Term Liabilities (220-239)222 Mortgage Payable
OWNERS’ EQUITY (300-399)301 Capital Stock330 Retained Earnings
SALES (400-499)400 Sales Revenue
EXPENSES (500-599)500 Cost of Goods Sold523 Rent Expense528 Advertising Expense573 Utility Expense
Step 1Step 1Business Business documents documents analyzedanalyzed
Step 2Step 2Transactions Transactions recorded in recorded in journalsjournals
Step 3Step 3Transactions Transactions posted to posted to ledgersledgers
Recording Process
Recording Process
Overview of the Accounting Process
Step 5Step 5
AdjustmentsAdjustments
Work sheet Work sheet (optional)(optional)
ContinuedContinuedContinuedContinued
Step 4Step 4
Trial balanceTrial balanceSteps in the
Reporting Phase
Continued from previous slide
Step 7Step 7
AdjustmentsAdjustments
Step 6Step 6
Financial statementsFinancial statements
Steps in the
Reporting Phase
Step 8Step 8
Post-closing trial balance Post-closing trial balance (optional)(optional)
Overview of the Accounting Process
1. Analyzing Business Documents
Transactions are the exchange of goods or services between entities, as well as other events that have an economic impact on a business.
Business documents are records that are evidence of transactions.
General Journal Entry FormatDate Debit Entry.................................. xx
Credit Entry............................. xx Explanation.
A journal is an accounting record in which business transactions are entered in chronological order.
Journal entries record transaction information; debits equal credits.
2. Journalizing Transactions
Every journal entry involves a three-step process:
1. Identify the accounts involved with an event or transaction.
2. Determine whether each account increased or decreased.
3. Determine the amount by which each account was affected.
2. Journalizing Transactions
Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity DR CR DR CR DR CR (+) (–) (–) (+) (–) (+)
Capital Stock
DR CR (–) (+)
Retained Earnings
DR CR (–) (+)
ContinuedContinuedContinuedContinued
Debits and Credits
Debits and Credits
Retained Earnings
DR CR (–) (+)
Expenses DR CR (+) (–)
Revenues DR CR (–) (+)
Dividends DR CR (+) (–)
Date DescriptionPostRef. Debits Credits
General Journal Page 24
2005July 1 Dividends 330 25,000
Dividends Payable 260 25,000Declared semiannualcash dividend oncommon stock.
10 Equipment 180 7,500Notes Payable 220 7,500
Issued note for newequipment .
Example: Journal Entry
On January 2, sold merchandise costing $60 to a customer on account for $75.
Make the journal entry.
Example: Journal Entry
Jan. 2 Accounts Receivable..................... 75 Sales Revenue.......................... 75
Sold merchandise on account.
2 Cost of Goods Sold...................... 60 Inventory................................. 60
To record cost and reduce inventory.
On January 2, sold merchandise costing $60 to a customer on account for $75.
Make the journal entry.This entry assumes that the This entry assumes that the perpetual system is used.perpetual system is used.
This entry assumes that the This entry assumes that the perpetual system is used.perpetual system is used.
3. Posting to the Ledger Accounts
Posting is the process of transferring amounts from the journal to the general ledger.
A ledger is a collection of accounts in which data from transactions recorded in the journals are posted, classified, and summarized.
A chart of accounts lists all accounts used by the company.
3. Posting to the Ledger AccountsThe Equipment account in the general ledger after the purchase of July 10 (Slide 9) has been posted
would appear as follows:
AccountEQUIPMENT Account No: 180
Date Item PR Debit Credit Balance
2005 July 1 Balance 10,550 10 Purchase Equipment J24 7,500 18,050
To examine the journal entry, click this button to go to Slide 9. To return, click on the word “July” in the entry on Slide 9.
Reporting Phase
4. A trial balance is prepared.
5. Adjusting entries are recorded.
6. Financial statements are prepared.
7. Closing entries are made.
8. A post-closing trial balance is prepared (optional).
4. Preparing a Trial Balance
Determine the account balance for each T-Account.
A trial balance is a list of all accounts and their balances. It provides a means to assure that debits equal credits.
XYZ CompanyTrial Balance
December 31, 2005
Debits CreditsCash $ 21Accounts Receivable 15Inventory 12Land 200Accounts Payable $ 30Capital Stock 150Retained Earnings 24Sales Revenue 919Cost of Goods Sold 850Advertising Expense 10Misc. Expenses 15 ______ Total $ 1,123 $ 1,123
Illustration 1. October 1, C.R Byrd invests $10,000 cash in an advertising
venture to be known as the Pioneer Advertising Agency
Oct. 1 Cash C.R.Byrd, Capital (Invested cash in business)
140
10,00010,000
2. October 1, office equipment costing $5,000 is purchased by signing a 3-month, 12%, $5,000 note payable.
Oct. 1 Office equipment Notes payable (Issued 3-month, 12%, note for office equipment)
1525
5,0005,000
3. October 2, a $1,200 cash advance is received from R. Knox, a client, for advertising services that are expected to be completed.
Illustration Oct. 2 Cash
Unearned Fees (Received advance from R.Knox for future service)
128
1,2001,200
4. October 3, office rent for October is paid in cash, $900
Oct. 3 Rent Expense Cash (Paid October Rent)
621
900900
5. October 4, $600 is paid for a one-year insurance policy that will expire next year on September 30.
Oct. 4 Prepaid Insurance Cash (Paid one-year policy; effective date October 1)
101
600600
Illustration
7. October 9, hire four employees to begin work on October 15. each employee is to receive a weekly salary of $500 for a 5-day work week, payable every 2 weeks – first payment made on October 26.
A business transaction has not occurred. There is only an agreement between the employer and the employees to enter into a business.
8. October 20, C.R. Byrd withdraw $500 cash for personal use.
Oct. 20 C.R. Byrd, Drawing Cash (Withdraw cash for personal use)
411
500500
6. October 5, an estimated 3-month supply of advertising materials is purchased on account from Aero Supply for $2,500
Oct. 5 Advertising Supplies Account Payable (Purchased supplies on account from Aero Supply)
826
2,5002,500
9. October 26, employee salaries of $4,000 are owed and paid in cash. (See October 9 transaction)
Illustration
10.October 31, received $10,000 in cash from Copa Company for advertising services rendered in October.
Oct. 31 Cash Fees Earned (Received cash for fees earned)
411
500500
Oct. 26 Salaries Expense Cash (Paid salaries to date)
601
4,0004,000
GENERAL LEDGER
Date Explanation Ref Debit Credit Balance
Oct. 1 2 3 4 20 26 31
J1 J1J1J1J1J1J1
10,0001,200
10,000
900 600 5004,000
10,00011,20010,300 9,700 9,200 5,20015,200
CASH
Date Explanation Ref Debit Credit Balance
Oct. 5 J1 2,500 2,500
ADVERTISING SUPPLIES NO 8
Date Explanation Ref Debit Credit B3alance
Oct. 4 J1 600 600
Prepaid Insurance NO 10
GENERAL LEDGER
Date Explanation Ref Debit Credit Balance
Oct. 1 J1 5,000 5,000
Office Equipment
NO 25
Date Explanation Ref Debit Credit Balance
Oct. 1 J1 5,000 5,000
Notes Payable
Date Explanation Ref Debit Credit Balance
Oct. 5 J1 2,500 2,500
Account Payable NO 26
Date Explanation Ref Debit Credit Balance
Oct. 2 J1 1,200 1,200
Unearned Fees NO 28
No. 15
GENERAL LEDGER
Date Explanation Ref Debit Credit Balance
Oct. 1 J1 10,000 10,000
C.R. Byrd, Capital
NO 41
Date Explanation Ref Debit Credit Balance
Oct. 20 J1 500 500
C.R. Byrd, Drawing
Date Explanation Ref Debit Credit Balance
Oct. 31 J1 10,000 10,000
Fees Earned NO 50
Date Explanation Ref Debit Credit Balance
Oct. 26 J1 4,000 4,000
Salaries Expense NO 60
No. 40
GENERAL LEDGER
Date Explanation Ref Debit Credit Balance
Oct. 3 J1 900 900
Rent Expense NO 62
PIONEER ADVERTISING AGENCY ACCOUNTS1-19 = Assets Accounts
20 – 39 = Liabilities40 – 49 = Owner’s Equity
50 – 59 = Revenues60 – 69 = Expenses
PIONEER ADVERTISING AGENCYTRIAL BALANCE
OCTOBER 31, 2010
DEBIT CREDIT
Cash $ 15,200
Advertising Supplies 2,500
Prepaid Insurance 600
Office Equipment 5,000
Notes Payable $ 5,000
Accounts Payable 2,500
Unearned Fees 1,200
C.R. Byrd, Capital 10,000
C.R. Byrd, Drawing 500
Fees Earned 10,000
Salaries Expense 4,000
Rent Expense 900
$28,700=======
$28,700=======
5. Preparing Adjusting Entries
Adjusting entries are required at the end of each accounting period for accrual- basis accounting, prior to preparing the financial statements. The purpose for adjusting entries are to:• bring balance sheet accounts
current.
• reflect proper amounts of revenues, costs, and expenses on the income statement.
Tips Regarding Adjusting EntriesTips Regarding Adjusting EntriesTips Regarding Adjusting EntriesTips Regarding Adjusting Entries
Analytical Process. You must determine what original entry was made (if any) and what the ending balances should be before you know what adjusting entry to make. You cannot memorize adjusting entries.
Adjusting entries always incorporate a balance sheet account and an income statement account.
Adjusting entries never involve a cash account.
• Unrecorded Revenues—Revenues that have been earned but not yet recorded.
• Unearned Revenues—Revenues that have been recorded but not yet earned.
• Unrecorded Expenses—Expenses that have been incurred but not yet recorded.
• Prepaid Expenses—Expenses that have been recorded but not yet incurred.
Most Common Adjusting EntriesMost Common Adjusting EntriesMost Common Adjusting EntriesMost Common Adjusting Entries
1. Identify the original entries that were made, if any. Original entries are only made for unearned revenues and prepaid expenses.
2. Determine what the correct balances should be at this point in time.
3. Make the adjustments needed to bring the balances to the desired amounts.
Three-Step Process for Three-Step Process for Adjusting EntriesAdjusting Entries
Three-Step Process for Three-Step Process for Adjusting EntriesAdjusting Entries
Rosi, Inc. purchased buildings in 2000 at a cost of $156,000, an expected life of 20 years, and no anticipated residual value. Each year, 5% of the cost is depreciated. At the end of 2005, the following adjusting entry is made:
Asset DepreciationAsset DepreciationAsset DepreciationAsset Depreciation
Adjusting Entry 12/31 Depreciation Expense—Buildings 7,800
Accumulated Depr.—Buildings 7,800To record depreciationon building at 5% per year.
An estimation of bad debts based on the ending receivables balance reveals that the allowance account needs to be increased by $1,100.
Adjusting Entry 12/31 Bad Debts Expense 1,100
Allowance for Bad Debts 1,100To adjust for estimated baddebts expense.
Bad DebtsBad DebtsBad DebtsBad Debts
Later, on March 19 that a $150 receivable is deemed to be uncollectible. Using the allowance account, the uncollectible account is written off the books.
3/19 Allowance for Bad Debts 150Accounts Receivable 150
To write off an uncollectibleaccount.
Bad DebtsBad DebtsBad DebtsBad Debts
Note that this entry is not an adjusting entry. It is made when the account is determined to be uncollectible.
Note that this entry is not an adjusting entry. It is made when the account is determined to be uncollectible.
At the end of the fiscal period, Rosi, Inc. had accrued salaries and wages totaling $2,150.
Adjusting Entry 12/31 Salaries and Wages Expense 2,150
Salaries and Wages Payable 2,150To record accrued salaries andwages.
Accrued ExpensesAccrued ExpensesAccrued ExpensesAccrued Expenses
Rosi, Inc. holds a note receivable from a customer on which interest total $250 has accrued.
Adjusting Entry 12/31 Interest Receivable 250
Interest Revenue 250To record accrued interest on anote receivable.
Accrued RevenuesAccrued RevenuesAccrued RevenuesAccrued Revenues
Rosi, Inc.’s trial balance shows that the asset account Prepaid Insurance has a balance of $8,000. By December 31, only $3,800 applies to future periods.
Adjusting Entry 12/31 Insurance Expense 4,200
Prepaid Insurance 4,200To record expired insurance.
$8,000 $8,000 –– $3,800 $3,800$8,000 $8,000 –– $3,800 $3,800
Prepaid ExpensesPrepaid ExpensesPrepaid ExpensesPrepaid Expenses
Original debit to an asset accountOriginal debit to an asset account
Rosi, Inc.’s trial balance shows that the asset account Insurance Expense has a balance of $8,000. By December 31, $3,800 applies to future periods.
Adjusting Entry 12/31 Prepaid Insurance 3,800
Insurance Expense 3,800To record expired insurance.
$8,000 $8,000 –– $4,200 $4,200$8,000 $8,000 –– $4,200 $4,200
Prepaid ExpensesPrepaid ExpensesPrepaid ExpensesPrepaid Expenses
Original debit to an expense accountOriginal debit to an expense account
Rosi, Inc. receives a payment of $2,550 from a customer prior to the services being rendered. By December 31, $2,075 in services have been provided.
Adjusting Entry 12/31 Rent Revenue 475
Unearned Rent Revenue 475To record unearned rent revenue.
Original credit to a revenue accountOriginal credit to a revenue account
$2,550 $2,550 –– $2,075 $2,075$2,550 $2,550 –– $2,075 $2,075
Deferred RevenuesDeferred RevenuesDeferred RevenuesDeferred Revenues
Adjusting Entry 12/31 Unearned Rent Revenue 2,075
Rent Revenue 2,075To record rent revenue.
Rosi, Inc. receives a payment of $2,550 from a customer prior to the services being rendered. By December 31, $2,075 in services have been provided.$2,550 $2,550 –– $475 $475$2,550 $2,550 –– $475 $475
Original credit to a liability accountOriginal credit to a liability account
Deferred RevenuesDeferred RevenuesDeferred RevenuesDeferred Revenues