Post on 15-Jul-2015
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Anatomy and Physiology
ANATOMY- is the study of the form of an
organism’s structure
PHYSIOLOGY- is the study of the functions
of organism’s structure
Tissue- group of
similar cells that
perform a common
function.
Organ- is made up
of two or more types
of tissues that either
perform a specific
task.
Organ system-
consists of multiple
organs that together
perform a specific
task
(sing, epithelium)
- are sheets of closely packed cells that cover your body surface
- line your internal organs and cavities
Single epithelium- single layer of cells
Stratified epithelium- multiple layers
Pseudostratified epithelium– has single layer but appears stratified because the cells vary in length
Squamous (flat like floor tiles)
Cuboidal (like dice)
Columnar (like bricks on end)
Shape of Cells (Epithelial)
Simple squamous epithelium- is thin and leaky,suitable for exchanging materials by diffusion.
Cuboidal and columnar epithelia have cells withrelative large amount of cytoplasm, facilitatingtheir role of secretion or absorption of cytoplasm.
Simple Cuboidal
epithelium- are found
in glands, such as
thyroid and salivary
glands.
Simple Columnar
Epithelium- Lines the
intestines , where it
secretes digestive juices
and absorbs nutrients.
Stratified squamous
epithelium- protection
for outer skin and
linings of mouth and
esophagus
Pseudostratifiedciliated columnar epithelium
- forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of respiratory
- Helps keep lungs clean.
- consists of a sparse population of cells
scattered throughout an extracellular
material called a matrix.
1. Loose connective tissue- serves mainly
to bind epithelia to underlying tissues and
hold organs in place.
2. Fibrous connective tissue- has
densely packed parallel bundles of
collagen fibers, an arrangement that
maximizes its strength.
3. Adipose tissue- stores fat in large,
closely packed adipose cells held in a
matrix of fibers.
- This tissue pads and insulates your
body and stores energy.
4. cartilage- a connective tissue that forms
a strong but flexible skeletal material,
consists of collagen fibers embedded in a
rubbery material.
- surrounds the ends of bones,
providing a shock-absorbing surface.
5. Bone- has a matrix of collagen fibers
embedded in a hard mineral substance
made of calcium, magnesium, and
phosphate.
-The combination of fibers and
minerals makes bone strong without being
brittle.
6. Blood- transports substances throughout
your body and thus functions differently
from other connective tissues.
- the most abundant tissue in most
animals.
- consists of long cells called
muscle fiber, each containing many
molecules of contractile proteins.
3 types of Vertebrate Muscle Tissue:
1. Skeletal muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle
1. Skeletal Muscle- attached to your bones by tendons
and is responsible for voluntary movements
of your body.
2. Cardiac muscle
- forms the contractile tissue of your
heart. It is striated like skeletal muscle.
3. Smooth muscle- gets its name from its lack of
striations.
- It is responsible for involuntary body
activities, such as the movement of food
through your intestines.
- senses stimuli
and rapidly transmits
information.
- The structural
and functional unit of
nervous tissue is the
nerve cell, or neuron,
which is uniquely
specialized to conduct
electrical nerve
impulses.
A. Circulatory System
- delivers O2 and
nutrients to your body
cells and transport CO2
to the lungs and
metabolic wastes to
the kidneys.
B. Respiratory System
- exchanges gases
with the environment,
supplying your blood
with O2 and disposing
of CO2.
C. Integumentary
System
- protects your
body against physical
injury, infection,
excessive heat or
cold, and drying out.
D. Skeletal System
- supports
your body, protects
organs such as your
brain and lungs,
and provides the
framework for
muscles to produce
movement.
E. Muscular System
- moves your
body, maintains
posture, and
produces heat.
F. Urinary System
- removes waste
products from your blood
and excretes urine. It also
regulates the chemical
makeup, pH, and water
balance of your blood.
G. Digestive System
- ingests and digests
your food, absorbs
nutrients, and eliminates
undigested material.
H. Endocrine System
- secretes hormones that regulate
the activities of your body, thus
maintaining an internal steady state
called homeostasis.
I. Lymphatic and
Immune System
- returns excess
body fluid to the
circulatory system and
functions as part of the
immune system.
- defends your
body against infections
and cancer.
K. Nervous System
- coordinates your body’s activities
by detecting stimuli, integrating
information, and directing the body’s
responses.
L. Reproductive System
- produces gametes and sex
hormones. The female system supports
a developing embryo and produces
milk.
1. provide a waterproof covering that
protects your body from dehydration and
prevents penetration by microbes.
2. The sensory receptors in the skin provide
important environmental information to your
brain
3. facilitate the important function of
temperature regulation
4. synthesis of vitamin D, which is required
for absorbing calcium.
HAIR- a flexible
shaft of flattened,
keratin-filled dead
cells, which were
produced by a hair
follicle.
Land mammals
react to cold by
raising their fur,
which traps a
layer of air and
increases the
insulating power
of the fur.
FINGERNAILS AND TOENAILS
- final component of the integumentary
system.
- protective coverings are also composed
of keratin.
Claude Bernard-French physiologist
two environments
important to an animal
External and Internal
Environment