Post on 15-May-2015
transcript
Warmup 8/30 Has the discovery of America
been beneficial or harmful to the human race?
Explain in at least 3-5 sentences.
Pre-Contact Americas,
Discovery & Colonializatio
n
Ms. JosephsonWoodrow Wilson Senior High School
AP US History
What is the significance of 1492?
Discovery or holocaust? Uninhabited land or
50+ million people?
Greater positives than negatives?
Introduction of slave trade to new continent.
Utopia (1518) Sir Thomas More
Ideal society where crime, inustice don’t exist
Hold all in common, scorn wealth but—slave labor?
Essential Question
What causes people to leave their
homes & explore new lands?
Causes of Exploration Wealth (spices, jewels, drugs, textiles, gold)
Mercantilism
Religious motives
Knowledge
For Countries French = Forest, Fish and Firs (3 F’s)
Spanish = Gold, God and Glory (3 G’s)
Aiming for Asia & “found” America
Caravel & Portuguese exploration (Prince Henry the Navigator)
Competition between European powers
Empires Spain
Amerigo Vespucci – America named after him (mistake on map)
Treaty of Tordesillas = Line of Demarcation
Pope Alexander VI divided new places
Spain gets all but Brazil to west of line
Portugal gets Africa
Vasco de Balboa –Isthmus of Panama to find Pacific Ocean
Juan Ponce de Leon- Florida & Fountain of Youth
Hernan Cortes-Aztec Empire-1519
Ferdinand Magellan—Circumnavigates the globe
Pizarro—Inca Empire-1530s
Hernando de Soto—Mississippi River looking for cities of gold
Francisco de Coronado—Grand Canyon (1539-1542) for gold
7 Cities myth made up by Indians to avoid conversion/death
Empires English
Cabot—Newfoundland—1497
Sir Francis Drake &his ‘Sea Dogs’—Voyage around the globe—1577—why?
Sir Walter Raleigh—Roanoke Island—1585—The Lost Colony
Why so late to the party?
French Giovanni de Verrezano—Carolinas to Nova Scotia (1524)
Jacques Cartier—St. Lawrence River (1524)
Samuel de Champlain—Quebec founded 1608
All looking for Northwest Passage
Empires Dutch
Henry Hudson (Dutch East India Company)—New Amsterdam aka New York
Fort Amsterdam (1614)
New Amsterdam on Governors Island (1625)
The Black Legend 16th Century—House of Habsburgs (Spain, Austria,
Italy, Holland, New World) Protestant rebellions presentation of Spain as evil
destructors of entire race of Indians,
Bartolome de las Casas solution = importation of African slaves
Staple crops: Sugar, coffee, rice, indigo
Gives English “ideological sanction” to sieze ships, raid Spanish colonial cities & destroy Catholic hold over the New World
Spanish Armada destroyed (1588) => no longer able to stop the English from entering the New World
First Permanent North American
Settlements England—1607—Jamestown
France—1608—Quebec—Fish & furs
Dutch—1614—Albany/New Amsterdam—Fish & furs
Sweden—1638—Deleware Valley—Fish & furs
Spain—1749 (Laredo)—1769 (California)—Gold &livestock, Mestizos
Essential Questions
Why does one group succeed at
colonization and another does not?
Reasons England Won
+++Surplus population (enclosure & debt = English poor seek escape)
Indentured servitude
Religious persecution
Large variety in form of settlement/trades
Balanced sex ratio
Jamestown Virginia Company of
London—1607
Algonquian Indians—30,000—Powhatan Confederacy
Food = greatest source of conflict Residents =
aristocrats
Unwilling to work
More interested in GOLD
Jamestown Fort
Captain John Smith The Right Man for the
Job? Farmer’s son &
military adventurer
President of Jamestown 1608-1609
Encouraged trading & calm interactions with Powhatan
Pocahontas?
Adoption ceremony?
Marriage to John Rolfe
Chesapeake Bay
Do you see any geographic or environmental problems?
English Migration: 1610-1660
Jamestown Colonization Pattern: 1620-1660
Large plantations (>100acres)
Spread > 5miles apart
See any problems there?
High Mortality Rates The “Starving Time”:
1607: 104 colonists
By spring, 1608: 38 survived
1609: 300 more immigrants
By spring, 1610: 60 survived
1610 – 1624: 10,000 immigrants
1624 population: 1,200
Adult life expectancy: 40 years
Death of children before age 5: 80%
Anglo-Powhatan Wars 1610-1614 First Anglo-
Powhatan War De La Warr Raided
villages, burned houses, took supplies, burned cornfields.
1614-1622-Peace sealed by Wolfe/Pochahontas
1622—Great Powhatan Uprising
1646—Indians defeated & removed from land
Essential Questions
How does the purpose or cause of a colony’s founding affect its ensuing
society?
John Rolfe & Economic Success
Virginia’s gold & silver
TOBACCO
1618 — Virginia produces 20,000 pounds of tobacco.
1622- Virginia produces 60,000 pounds of tobacco.
1627 — Virginia produces 500,000 pounds of tobacco.
1629 — Virginia produces 1,500,000 pounds of tobacco.
Tobacco Prices: 1618-1710
Why such a steep decline?
But who did all the work?
Headright System: Each Virginian got 50
acres for each person whose passage they paid.
Indenture Contract: 5-7 years.
Promised “freedom dues” [land, £]
Forbidden to marry.
1610-1614: only 1 in 10 outlived their indentured contracts!
Indentured Contract, 1746
In-Class Activity
What was it like to be an indentured servant in Virginia?
The Child of Tobacco Tobacco’s effect on Virginia’s economy:
Vital role in putting VA on a firm economic footing.
Ruinous to soil when continuously planted.
Chained VA’s economy to a single crop.
Tobacco promoted the use of the plantation system. Need for cheap, abundant labor.
Why was 1619 a pivotal year for the
Chesapeake settlement?
Growing Political Power
The House of Burgesses established in 1619 & began to assume the role of the House of Commons in England Control over finances, militia, etc.
By the end of the 17c, Virginia House of Burgesses was able to initiate legislation.
A Council appointed by royal governor Mainly leading planters.
Functions like House of Lords.
High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members.
Virginia Becomes a Royal Colony
James I grew hostile to Virginia He hated tobacco.
He distrusted the House of Burgesses which he called a seminary of sedition.
1624- he revoked the charter of the bankrupt VA Company. Thus, VA became a royal colony, under the
king’s direct control!
SlaveryEnglish Tobacco Label
First Africans arrived in Jamestown in 1619. Their status was
not clear-- perhaps slaves, perhaps indentured servants.
Slavery not that important until the end of the 17c.
The Atlantic Slave Trade
Good Traded w/Africa for Slaves
The Middle Passage
Essential QuestionHow did slavery and
indentured servitude diverge?
Was slavery an economic institution or a racial institution?
Early Colonial Slavery Beginning in 1662-- “Slave Codes”
Made blacks [and their children] property, or chattel for life of white masters.
In some colonies, it was a crime to teach a slave to read or write.
Conversion to Christianity did not qualify the slave for freedom.
Frustrated Free White Men
Late 1600 -- large numbers of young, poor, discontented men in the Chesapeake area. Little access to land or women for marriage.
1670 --The Virginia Assembly disenfranchised most landless men!
Nathaniel Bacon’s Rebellion: 1676
Led 1,000 Virginians in a rebellion against Governor Berkeley Rebels resented Berkeley’s close relations with
Indians.
Berkeley monopolized the fur trade with the Indians in the area.
Berkley refused to retaliate for Indian attacks on frontier settlements.
Governor
William Berkeley
Nathaniel Bacon
Bacon’s Rebellion Rebels attacked Indians, whether they were
friendly or not to whites.
Governor Berkeley driven from Jamestown.
Rebels burned the capital & went on a rampage of plunder
Bacon suddenly died of fever.
Berkeley brutally crushed the rebellion and hanged 20 rebels.
Results of Bacon’s Rebellion
It exposed resentments between inland frontiersmen and landless former servants against gentry on coastal plantations. Socio-economic class differences/clashes
between rural and urban communities would continue throughout American history.
Upper class planters searched for laborers less likely to rebel -- BLACK SLAVES!!
The Settlement of Maryland
A royal charter was granted to George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, 1632
A proprietary colony created in 1634
Heathier location than Jamestown
Tobacco is to be main crop
Plan was to govern as an absentee owner in a feudal relationship (tracts of land granted to his Catholic relatives.
A Haven for Catholics Colonists only willing to come to MD if they received
land
Colonists = Catholic land barons surrounded by mostly Protestant small farmers Conflict between the two led to Lord Baltimore’s loss
of proprietary rights at the end of the 17th century
Late 1600s—slave import begins
Baltimore allowed high degree of freedom of worship to prevent repeat of persecution of Cahtholics by Protestants Protestants feel threatened
Maryland Toleration Act of 1649
Maryland Tolerations Act of 1649 Supported by Catholics in MD
Guaranteed toleration to all CHRISTIANS
Decreed death to those who denied the divinity of Jesus (like Jews, atheists, etc.)
In a way—less tolerant than before the law was passed!
British Colonial Settlements by 1660