Unit 2 Colonial Unit 2 Colonial SettlementSettlement

Chapter 3Chapter 3Colonial America

1587-1770

War between England and Spain

Attacks on Spanish forts by Sir Frances Drake infuriated King Phillip of Spain.

Spain sent the Spanish Armada, the most powerful navy in the world at the time to conquer England.

England's smaller, faster ships outsmarted the large powerful Spanish ships, and the fleet was defeated.

Effects of the Victory

Spain no longer controlled the seas, which opened the way for England to openly attempt colonizing America.

England and other European nations could now claim colonies in the Americans.

Humphrey Gilbert claimed Newfoundland for Queen Elizabeth. He died at sea looking for a suitable colony.

Roanoke

Sir Walter Raleigh was sent to the Americas looking for a place to settle, and found Roanoke Island, off the coast of North Carolina.

He returned and spread word of an island that was good for farming and the people were “gentle, loving, and faithful.”

Roanoke

In 1585, Raleigh sent about 100 men to settle on Roanoke Island. After a difficult winter, the colonists returned to England

In 1587, Raleigh tried again sending 91 men, 17 women, and 9 children. John White, a mapmaker led the group.

This group too had difficulties. White returned to England to get supplies. He planned on being gone three months, but due to war with Spain it lasted 3 years.

Roanoke

When White returned the island was deserted. The only clue was the word Croatoan on the gatepost. Croatoan was an island 100 miles south.

Bad weather kept White from investigating, the colony was never heard from again.

Jamestown

The idea of settlement came back about 20 years later.

Merchants looked for Charters, or the right to organize a settlement in the area from King James I.

The Virginia Company from England was a Joint Stock Company, where investors bought stock, or part ownership of a company, in return for a share of the profits

Jamestown

The company sent 144 settlers in 3 ships to America to look for gold and set up trade in fish and furs

40 died along the voyage The settlers entered the Chesapeake Bay

and then sailed up a river flowing into the bay. They named the river James and the colony Jamestown, after the king.

Jamestown

Pro’s Built on a peninsula

to prevent Native American attack.

Con’s Swampland Mosquitoes carrying

malaria (deadly disease).

Lacked good farmland

Surrounded by Native American Settlements

Jamestown colonists

Many Colonists never experienced hard labor Settlers searched for gold and silver instead of

growing food Disease and hunger devastated the colonists In January 1608, when additional men and

supplies arrived only 38 men remained alive.

Jamestown’s leader

Captain John Smith, a soldier, arrived in 1608.

Smith forced the people to work the fields, and convinced the Powhatan people to give them corn.

Smith was replaced the following year with a harsh governor named Lord De La Warr.

More Problems

The winter of 1609-1610 was extremely harsh The people had to feed on their animals They started with horses and other large beasts,

but eventually had to eat dogs, cats, rats, and mice to survive.

Trouble also broke out with the Native Americans, and 300 hungry colonists were barricaded in their walls.

When more settlers arrived in May, only 60 settlers were still alive.

Tobacco Saves us all!!! Seriously

Popularity was growing in Europe, even though many found smoking disgusting

John Rolfe learned to grow a type of tobacco that was less bitter.

Soon every farmer in Jamestown was growing tobacco, and many people were now coming to Jamestown

Rolfe married Pocahontas, the daughter of Chief Powatan, and relations with Native Americans improved.

Representative Government

People were getting sick taking orders from the Virginia Company (Still in England)

Sir George Yeardley took over as Governor, and ended military rule.

Yeardley allowed the men to elect representatives called Burgesses to an assembly. This assembly made the laws for the colony.

The House of Burgesses met for the first time in a church in Jamestown in 1619.

New Arrivals in Jamestown

In 1619, the Virginia company sent 100 women to Jamestown. The leaders believed families were important to build a good colony.

Colonists who wanted to marry a women had to pay a fee of 120 pounds of tobacco.

Men still outnumbered women, but marriage and children became common in Virginia.

Other New Arrivals in Jamestown

Another ship in 1619 brought 20 Africans who were sold to Virginia planters for labor.

These first Africans may have come as servants, who would work for a set period of time then be free, rather than slaves.

Until 1640 Africans laborers in Jamestown were free and even owned property. William Tucker, the first black man born in America was a free man.

However, by 1661, with the demand for tobacco and other crops growing, slavery was accepted into Virginia law.

The King Takes Over

In 1624, the King of England cancelled the Virginia Company’s charter and took control of the colony, making it England’s first royal colony in America.

Activity

Create a poster to attract early colonist to where you live. Focus on the location as well as natural features in your area such as good farm land, waterways, and mineral resources.

Warm-up 10/16/07

What does it mean to be persecuted? How would you react to this?

Section 2: New Section 2: New England ColoniesEngland Colonies

Section 2: New England Colonies

Captain John Smith explored and mapped the coast of New England.

The area was renamed Plymouth Unlike Jamestown and the Spanish

colonies, these people did not travel to America for riches.

Religion in England

The main church in England was the Protestant Anglican Church

Many people dissented or disagreed with the beliefs and practices of the Anglicans

English Catholics were persecuted , or treated harshly for their belief that the pope was the head of the church, not the English monarch.

Protestants in England

Protestants, a major religion in England, were divided

Some wanted to reform, or change the Anglican church, others wanted to break away from it altogether

People that wanted to reform the church were called Puritans

People who wanted to break away from it completely were called separatists.

Separatists

The Separatists were persecuted in England, some fled to the Netherlands

Many did not want to go to the Netherlands, although they accepted them religiously many feared their children would lose their English heritage.

Where could they go to escape England?

Separatists ctd…

The Separatists made an agreement with the Virginia Colony that they could go to Virginia and practice their religion freely, in return for profits they made.

These separatists called themselves Pilgrims, because their journey had a religious purpose.

In September 1620, only 35 of 102 passengers who boarded the Mayflower were pilgrims. The others were servants, craftsman, and poor farmers.

Group Time

I will now assign you into three groups One group will represent puritans, one group will

represent separatists, and one group will represent pilgrims.

Be ready to answer the following questions (Use pg. 78):

1. How do I feel about the Anglican Church in England 2. What do I intend to do about my situation with the

Church. 3. How do I feel (I mean really deep down).

The Mayflower’s Journey

The pilgrims planned to settle in the Virginia Colony.

They were forced to land in Cape Cod, because it was November and winter was near.

They landed in December 1620 at Plymouth

Mayflower Compact

Since they landed at Plymouth, they were outside of the laws and territory of the Virginia Company

The Mayflower Compact pledged loyalty to England and declared their intention of forming a “Civil body politic, for our better ordering and preservation”.

The signers promised to obey laws for the general good of the colony.

Rough First Winter

Their first winter in America, almost half of the pilgrims died of malnutrition, disease, and cold.

In the Spring, Native Americans approached the settlement.

Squanto and Samoset, two Native Americans befriended the colonists. Squanto was kidnapped by an English ship captain earlier and learned English.

Native American Help

Native Americans taught the Pilgrims how to grow crops (corn, beans, and pumpkins).

They also taught the Pilgrims where to hunt and fish.

Squanto and Samoset helped the Pilgrims make a peaceful treaty with the Wampanoag people who lived in the area.

Feast

In autumn of 1621, the Pilgrims invited the Native Americans to celebrate peace between the two sides.

The Pilgrims were happy to be raising food. During this feast between the two groups, the

pilgrims thanked God for the harvest and their survival.

This feast was known as the first Thanksgiving

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Meanwhile back in England…… The English throne passed to Charles I. Charles

objected to Puritans’ calls for reform in the Anglican Church, and he increased persecutions.

The puritans looked for a way to leave England. In 1628 they formed the New England

Company and received a royal charter to establish the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

Thursday Warm-up 10/18

Which people founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony and why did they leave England?

Massachusetts Bay Ctd…

This was the Puritans chance to create a new society in America, based on their own beliefs.

John Winthrop became the colonies governor, and led 1,000 men, women, and children in 11 ships to Massachussetts Bay. Most of them settled in a place they called Boston.

Their settlement would be a model for other Christian colonies to follow

More people leave England

During the 1630’s religious persecution and economic hard times in England drove more than 15,000 puritans to journey to Massachusetts. This is called the Great Migration

People decided that every adult male that owned land could vote for their governor and other representatives to the General Court.

Intolerance

The Puritans left England to escape religious persecution

The Puritans however, had little toleration or they criticized and persecuted people with different religious views.

This lack of toleration led to the creation of more colonies.

Connecticut

The Connecticut river was better for farming than the land around Boston

Thomas Hooker, a minister, became dissatisfied with Massachusetts, and did not like the way John Winthrop ran the colony.

He led a group through the wilderness and set up the town of Hartford. Three years later, two other towns, Windsor and Wethersfield agreed to form a colony.

They created the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, the first constitution of America.

Rhode Island

Rhode Island was settled by colonists who were forced out of Massachusetts.

Roger Williams, a minister, felt people should be free to follow any religion.

He felt government and church should be separate. He also felt colonists should not take land away from Native Americans

Roger Williams

His ideas disturbed leaders of Massachusetts. Williams left before they could banish him back to England.

He took refuge with the Wampanoag people, and eventually bought land from them.

He later named the site Providence

Roger Williams

He received a charter in 1644 for a colony east of Connecticut called Rhode Island.

With its policy of tolerating religion, Rhode Island became a center for all faiths, where they could worship freely.

Others followed Williams’ example. John Wheelwright in 1638 led a group from Massachusetts north. There he founded the town of Exeter in New Hampshire.

Anne Hutchinson

Hutchinson came to Massachusetts with her husband in 1634. She started having religious meetings in her home in Boston in 1634.

She questioned the religious authority of the colony’s masters.

She thought women should have more power

Hutchinson Ctd….

Puritans were shocked to hear a woman state her ideas so boldly

He was seen as a danger, and was put on trial for heresy.

She had a good knowledge of religion, but nevertheless was found guilty and kicked out of the colony.

Her and her family moved to Rhode Island

What about Native Americans?

There was a sharp decline in population In 1600, there were about 100,000 Native

Americans living in New England. By 1675, only 10,000 survived Diseases, not war killed many. Chicken

Pox, Small Pox, measles, and other European diseases struck them. The Native Americans had no defense for them.

Native American Wars with Settlers

The Pequot War in 1637 was between people in Connecticut and the Pequot people.

Colonists hated how the Pequot would trade with other groups, such as the Netherlands

The worst attack was committed by the English, who surrounded a Pequot village and set fire to it.

As the village went up in flames, the English killed natives trying to escape

King Philip’s War

Metacomet, the chief of the Wampanoag was known to settlers as King Phillip.

He resented the expansion of settlers, and started killing English who were advancing onto their land. They killed several thousand settlers in three years.

The settlers allied with the Mohawk Indians years later. The Mohawk attacked and ambushed the Wampanoag villages, killing Metacomet and ending the war.

Colonists were able to expand their settlements

Warm-up 10/22

Look at the Map on Pg. 85. What were the four middle colonies? What geographic feature made Philadelphia and New York City centers for trade?

Section 3: Middle Section 3: Middle ColoniesColonies

Section 3: Middle Colonies

In 1660 England had two areas of colonies in America.

They had the New England Colonies (Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire.

They had the Southern Colonies, (Maryland, Virginia).

Between the two groups were land controlled by the Dutch (Netherlands).

Why did England want the New Amsterdam (New York) colony?

It’s the Dutch!!

The Dutch West India Company established trading settlements at the base of the Hudson River.

These posts grew into the colony of New Netherlands. The main settlement was New Amsterdam located on Manhattan Island.

In 1626 the company bought Manhattan Island from the Manhates people for a small amount of beads and other goods.

Manhattan is a natural port, so New Amsterdam became a center of shipping goods to and from America

Patroons

Dutch West India Company sent over families from the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, and Finland that would be willing to work and make it successful.

The landowners were called Patroons. These patroons would rule the land as if they were kings.

They could charge what they wanted to the farmers and other laborers.

England Takes Over

In 1664 England wanted the valuable colony, and sent its fleet to attack New Amsterdam.

Peter Stuyvesant (Netherlands) ruled the colony as governor. His strict rule and heavy taxes turned people against him.

The governor was not prepared for battle, when the ships entered he surrendered the colony.

New York, New York

King Charles II gave the colony to his brother, the Duke of York who renamed it, New York.

It was a proprietary colony. A colony in which the owner, or proprietor, owned all the land and controlled the government.

It differed from the New England Colonies, which were run by private corporations.

The Duke of York promised the colonists freedom of religion and allowed them to keep their property. As a result, many of the Dutch colonists decided to stay in New York.

Growth of New York

New York City, formerly New Amsterdam, was one of the fastest growing colonies.

In 1664, New York had about 8000 people, included about 300 African Slaves

By 1683, the company had 12,000 people. Eventually, after fighting with the Duke, the

Duke let the people of New York have an elective legislature

New Jersey

The Duke of York gave the southern part of his colony to Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret.

They named it New Jersey after the island of Jersey on the English Channel

They offered large amounts of land to settlers and made them pay rent on generous terms.

New Jersey Ctd.

They also offered freedom of religion, trial by jury, and a representative assembly

New Jersey had no natural harbors, so it did not develop a major port city like New York.

Berkeley and Carteret did not make as much money as they thought off rent, so they sold their share in 1674 and 1680 respectfully.

By 1702, New Jersey had returned to the hands of the King, who made it a royal colony in 1702.

Name the factors that led to England taking over New

Amsterdam

Pennsylvania

William Penn, a wealthy English gentleman, had his father lend money to the King Charles of England.

Penn, instead of ask for money, asked the King to repay him with land.

The king was pleased to repay his debt with land, and granted Penn land roughly the size of the entire country of England.

Quakers

Penn belonged to a Protestant group of dissenters called the Society of Friends, or Quakers

Quakers believed People had an inner light, which meant church services and officials were unnecessary

Quakers were tolerant toward other religions

Quakers Ctd….

Most people thought the Quakers ideas were a threat to religion.

The Quakers would not bow or take off their hats to people because they thought everyone was equal.

In addition they were pacifists, or people who refuse to use force or to fight in wars.

Quakers were fined, jailed, and executed for their beliefs.

The Birth of Philadelphia

In 1682 Penn left to America to supervise the building of Philadelphia, the “City of Brotherly Love”.

Penn believed the Native Americans owned the land and even paid tribute to them for it.

Some Native Americans settled in Pennsylvania because they respected Penn for his treatment toward them.

Delaware

Penn advertised through many countries and different languages to get people to come to Pennsylvania

By 1683 he had more than 3,000 Welsh, English, Irish, Dutch, and German settlers.

The southernmost part of Pennsylvania was called the Three Lower Colonies

The area was taken over the Dutch, then the English, and eventually became part of Pennsylvania. The “Charter of Privileges” eventually led to Delaware functioning as a separate colony.

Why were Quakers different than other religions that settled in the New World?

Section 4 The Southern Section 4 The Southern ColoniesColonies

Section 4: The Southern Colonies

Building colonies took a great deal of work, especially on the land itself. Settlers had to clear the land, build homes, build churches, plant crops, tend to the fields.

Not everyone came under their own free will. Not only slaves, but prisoners from England were shipped over as punishment, and could earn their release after 7 years. They were called “His Majesty’s seven year passengers.”

Indentured Servants came and worked the land, usually for free, in return for a free passage to America

Catholics in Maryland

Sir George Calvert, a catholic wanted to establish a safe place for his fellow Catholics, and wanted to get rich.

In 1632, King Charles I gave him a colony north of Virginia.

He died before receiving the grant, his son Cecilius Calvert took charge of the colony and named in Maryland after the queen, Henrietta Maria.

Settling in Maryland

They reached America in 1634 with two ships and 200 settlers. They entered Chesapeake Bay, then settled up the Potomac River.

They planted tobacco just like the people of Virginia. However, to prevent everyone from growing just one crop, they made a law saying for every one crop tobacco there must be two crops of corn.

Baltimore was founded in 1729. It was Maryland’s port and became the colonies largest settlement.

Aristocrats and Farmers

Lord Baltimore (relative of Calvert) gave large estates of land to rich, powerful aristocrats.

He started offering land to bring settlers to the colony.

When the demand for labor grew, he turned to indentured servants and slaves.

Settling disputes

The Calverts welcomed protestants as well as Catholics in Maryland. However Protestants started to outnumber Catholics

To protect Catholics, Baltimore passed the Act of Toleration. This granted Protestants and Catholics the right to worship freely

In the end however, the protestant majority in 1692 repealed the act.

Virginia Expands

While other colonies were being founded, Virginia started to grow.

New settlers pushed inland, because all the tobacco fields near the coast were already taken.

Sir William Berkeley sent explorers over the blue Ridge Mountains to open up the backcountry of Virginia for settlement.

He worked out an arrangement with Native Americans in 1644, where he bought a large amount of land and agreed not to push farther into Native American lands.

I love Bacon!!!

Nathaniel Bacon a planter in Western Virginia did not like the government in Eastern Virginia.

Him and his group started settling in lands outside the treaty, and then blamed the government for not protecting him from angry Native Americans.

In 1676 Bacon led the angry Westerners in attacks on Native American villages.

Governor Berkeley called him the “Greatest rebel that ever was in Virginia.”

Maybe I Don’t Love Bacon as Much as I thought I Did.

Bacon went a step further and led an army to Jamestown.

He set fire to the town, and drove Berkeley into exile. Only Bacon’s sudden illness and death stopped him

from taking over. English troops helped Berkeley regain power and end

Bacon’s Rebellion. However, the rebellion showed that settlers did not

want to be restricted to land on the coast, and the government signed another treaty to give them more land

Settling the Carolina’s

King Charles II gave a colony to eight prominent members of his court. The colony was called Carolina, which means Charles’s land in Latin.

Settlers began arriving in 1670, by 1680 the had founded Charleston.

Philosopher John Locke wrote a Constitution or a plan of government.

North and South Carolina

The northern part was settled mostly by farmers from Virginia. They grew products such as timber and tar.

South Carolina was more fertile, and had a major port (Charleston). Rice grew well in the wet coastal lowlands

In 1740 indigo was discovered by Eliza Lucas. Indigo was a blue flower that was used to dye textiles.

Slave labor in the Carolinas

Most settlers from South Carolina came from the Barbados in the West Indies.

Many early Africans came from rice growing areas of Africa, so they knew a great deal about it.

Rice growing required a lot of labor By 1700 more than half of the population

that arrived in Charleston were slaves.

Georgia was founded for 2 reasons

Debtors were usually thrown in prison in England.

James Oglethorpe wanted a colony where people could make a fresh start.

Georgia was the last British colony developed.

It was a defense against a possible attack from Spain

Oglethorpe

He led the first group of “sober, industrial, and moral persons” in 1773

He wanted the people of Georgia to be hardworking, independent, and protestant.

He banned slavery, Catholics, and rum. Instead of debtors, poor people from Germany,

Switzerland, and a small group of Jewish people settled there.

Georgia had the highest percentage of non-British settlers than any other colony.

Georgia Changes

Settlers complained about the size of landholdings and banning slave labor.

They thought Oglethorpe was running their lives as a dictator

He gave in and allowed slavery and rum, and eventually turned the colony back over to the king in 1751

Great Britain had now lined the entire East Coast with British colonies.

Warm-up 10/31

Why was slave labor necessary for many of the Southern Colonies? (North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia)

Section 5: Other Section 5: Other European SettlementEuropean Settlement

Section 5: Other European Settlement

New France had founded Quebec in 1608. France had little interest in North America. They were concerned about trapping furs and

fishing In 1663, New France became a royal colony.

King Louis XIV limited privileges of fur companies

Jean Talon, the new royal governor supported exploration.

Down The Mississippi River

Two Frenchmen, Louis Joilet and Jacques Marquette, explored south down the Mississippi River, looking for the Pacific Ocean.

They reached as far south as the junction of the Arkansas and Mississippi Rivers, realized the river went south and not west, and turned around.

Mississippi River

Robert Cavelier Sieur de La Salle followed the river all the way to the Gulf of Mexico.

He clamed the region Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV.

The French governor founded the port of New Orleans at the mouth of the Mississippi River.

New France Grows Slowly

The French Lords received land in exchange for bringing settlers to America.

Tenant Farmers paid their lord an annual rent and worked for him for a fixed number of days.

France and Native Americans

The French had better relations with Native Americans than anyone else

They lived among the Native Americans, learned their languages, and respected their ways.

The French missionaries had come to convert Native Americans to Christianity, they did not try to change their ways.

The French colony grew so slowly that Native Americans were not pushed off their lands.

New Spain

Spain controlled most of Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America

They also expanded into the Western and Southern part of what would be the United States

Spain wanted to control the area between New France and themselves to protect their colony.

Spain moved into modern day Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

Missions in California

Missions are religious settlements established to convert people to a particular faith.

The missions enabled the Spanish to lay claim to California.

The Spanish not only converted Native Americans to Christianity, they often brought them in by force to serve in fields and workshops.

Father Junipero Serra

In 1769 Junipero Serra, a Franciscan Monk founded a mission at San Diego

He set up several more missions along a route called El Camino Real (King’s Highway). These would become cities such as Los Angeles and Monterey.

Each mission was about a day’s walk away, and he would visit each mission

Serra would prevent any Spanish Commanders from mistreating Native Americans.

European Rivalries

Britain and Spain fought several wars in the early 1700’s.

When they were at war in Europe, often fighting would happen with colonists in Georgia and Spanish Colonies in Florida.

France and Britain were rivals during the colonial period.

Future wars between the two would shape the destiny of people in the colonies.

Top 6 reasons for coming to the New World 100 Points

Freedom of Religion Find Riches Start a new life Slavery Indentured Servitude Debtors (Georgia)

Top 6 Crops That Were Grown In America (200 Points)

Tobacco Corn Rice Indigo Cotton Sugar

Name the 13 Colonies (300 Points)

Virginia Massachusetts Connecticut New Hampshire Rhode Island New York New Jersey

Pennsylvania Maryland Delaware North Carolina South Carolina Georgia

Name the Top 5 problems early colonists faced (1,000,000

Points) Starvation Cold Winters Hostile Native Americans Labor (to work the fields) Freedom to practice the religion they

wanted (Massachusetts)

Top 5 reasons why England wanted New Amsterdam (Infinity plus like another infinity plus 200 points) Excellent harbor

Plenty of good land Connected the North and South Lots of trade through the Hudson ($$$$) Cause Mr. Poore said so