Post on 28-Dec-2015
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What is it?• Macroeconomics considers the economy as a whole – this is
the total amount of different goods and services produced by all businesses and the government sector
• Key performance indicators• Objectives• Policy instruments
What are objectives and instruments?
• Objectives are the aims or goals of government policy• Instruments are the means by which these aims might be
achieved
UK Macroeconomic Policy Objectives
• Stable low inflation• Sustainable growth • Improvements in productivity • High employment • Rising living standards • Financial stability
Policy Instruments• Monetary policy –changes to interest rates, the money supply,
access to credit and also changes to the value of the exchange rate
• Fiscal policy – changes to government taxation, spending and borrowing
• Supply-side policies designed to make markets work more efficiently
FIRMS(suppliers of goods and services,
demanders of factor services)
HOUSEHOLDS(demanders of goods and services,
suppliers of factor services)
The interdependence of goods and factor markets
Q1
P1
QF2
PF2
Q2
P2PF1
QF1
D2D2
The interdependence of goods and factor markets
P
Q
P
Q
£ £
££
Factorservices
Goods
GoodsFactor
services
S S
D1 D1
(1)Consumer
demand
(1)Consumer
demand
(4)Factor supply
(4)Factor supply
(3)Factor
demand
(3)Factor
demand
(2)Producer
supply
(2)Producer
supply
OO
Multiplier effect
Need a whole A4 page for this diagram
• Need it to be landscape
• Start off on the far left side…..
• Need lots of space for the diagram to ‘grow’….
Factorpayments
Factorpayments
Consumption ofdomestically
produced goodsand services (Cd)
Consumption ofdomestically
produced goodsand services (Cd)
The circular flow of incomeThe circular flow of income
Firms
Households
Factorpayments
Factorpayments
Consumption ofdomestically
produced goodsand services (Cd)
Consumption ofdomestically
produced goodsand services (Cd)
Investment (I)Investment (I)
Governmentexpenditure (G)
Governmentexpenditure (G)
Exportexpenditure (X)
Exportexpenditure (X)
BANKS, etc
Netsaving (S)
Netsaving (S)
GOV.
Nettaxes (T)
Nettaxes (T)
ABROAD
Importexpenditure (M)
Importexpenditure (M)
The circular flow of incomeThe circular flow of income
WITHDRAWALS
INJECTIONS
Circular Flow of Income – what if….•What if Injections* are greater than withdrawals?
•*Injections = I + G + X
Multiplier effect
Government Macro Economic policies…Look at managing injections and
withdrawals to allow a positive economic growth of 2% per year.
The Govt can achieve this either by reducing withdrawals or by increasing injections
National Growth
National Income = all incomes from FoP are added (from Firms to Households)
National Product = all g & s produced (by firms)
National Expenditure (AD) = all expenditure on output is added.
GDP v GNP
•GDP measures the value of output produced within the domestic boundaries of the UK over a given time period.
•GDP includes the output of the many foreign owned firms that are located in the UK following the high levels of foreign direct investment in the UK economy over many years.
•GNP measures the final value of output or expenditure by UK owned factors of production whether they are located in the UK or overseas.
•Many foreign firms have set up production plants in the UK whilst UK firms have expanded their operations overseas and become multinational (or trans-national) organisations.
Nominal Nomianal or current GDP looks at the monetary value Nomianal or current GDP looks at the monetary value
Complete the task on the sheet…
current prices (1995=100)
Price Index (1995=100)
Real GDP (1995=100)
1995 100.0 100.0 100.0
1996 105.9 103.3 102.6
1997 112.8 106.3
1998 119.3 109.5
1999 124.8 112.0
2000 130.9 114.0
Homework… for Wednesday
News article – research an article from a reputable source:•BBC•Financial Times•Guardian•Independent•The Times•The Economist
Article must be on one of the following topics…•UK inflation•UK employment / unemployment•UK interest rates•UK economic growth
Analyse the key issues raised in the article.