UNIT 4THE FORMATION AND EXPANSION OF THE PENINSULAR KINGDOMS

INTRODUCCION

• In the 8th century, the majority of the Iberian peninsula was occupied by Muslims, who had created the kingdom of al-Andalus.

AL-ANDALUS IN THE 8TH CENTURY

•But in the Cordillera Cantábrica a small group of Christians survived the Muslim conquests and established the kingdom of Asturias

KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS YEAR 800

• In the Pyrenees, the group of counties known as the Marca Hispánica gained independence from the Franks.

MARCA HISPÁNICA

RECONQUEST

• The capturing of lost territory through military force. The Reconquista of the Peninsula by Christians kings lasted from the 8th century to the 15th century.

THE CANTABRIAN KINGDOMS

The Kingdom of AsturiasThe Kingdom of Asturias

• During the Muslim conquest, some Christians Visigoth nobles took refuge in the Cordillera Cantábrica.

• Among these nobles was Pelayo (Pelagius). He defeated the Muslims for the first time in722 in Covadonga (Asturias).

• This battle is believed to be the beginning of the Reconquista.

DON PELAYO

SUCCESORS OF PELAYOThey created the kingdom of Asturias

ALFONSO I ALFONSO II

KINGDOM OF ASTURIAS

• With Alfonso I ((693-757)

• With Alfonso II (760–842)

The capital of kingdom of Asturias was Oviedo

• Santa María del Naranco was built in the 9th century as a royal palace for the Asturian kings in Oviedo

SANTA MARÍA DEL NARANCO

The kingdom of LeónThe kingdom of León

•With Alfonso III the kingdom of Asturias extended until the river Duero. The kingdom of Asturias was renamed as kingdom of Leon in 854.

Kingdom of León

ALFONSO III

• Alfonso III built a defensive line of castles in the west of the kingdom of Leon as protection from the Muslim army. This territory was named Castile

The kingdom of CastileThe kingdom of Castile

• In the 10th century, Castile was governed by counts under the control of the king of Leon. One of these counts, Fernan Gonzalez, gained independence from the kingdom of Leon.

Kingdom of Castile

THE PYRENEAN COUNTIES AND KINGDOMS

• The creation of the Marca Hispánica• The kingdom of Pamplona• The kingdom of Aragón• The Catalan counties

The Marca Hispanica

• Was created by Charlemagne as a defensive zone divided into counties to protect his territory from the Muslims• When Charlemagne died, many of

these counties became kingdoms and independent counties from the Frankish imperial rule.

The Marca HispánicaThe Marca Hispánica

The Pyrenean counties and kingdoms

The kingdom of PamplonaThe kingdom of Pamplona

• The count of Pamplona, Iñigo Arista, gained control of his territory from the Franks and created the kingdom of Pamplona in 830.

• Experienced its greatest expansion under Sancho III el Grande. He united the kingdom of Pamplona (later kingdom of Navarre), and the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon. This territory was divided among his sons when hi died.

QUIZ

A) What was the Marca Hispánica?B) When was the kingdom of Pamplona

created?

ANSWERS

A) The Marca Hispánica was a zone created by Charlemagne to defend his territory from the Muslim army

B) The kingdom of Pamplona was created in 830

The kingdom of AragonThe kingdom of Aragon

• In the 9th century, some Aragonese counties in the Marca Hispánica (Aragón, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza) freed themselves from Frankish rule. Ramiro I, the son of Sancho III, proclaimed himself king of Aragon

RAMIRO I KING OF ARAGÓN

The Catalan CountiesThe Catalan Counties

• In the 9th century, Wilfred the Hairy (Wifredo el Velloso), count of Barcelona, extended his rule to include others Catalan counties. In 987, another count of Barcelona, Borrell II, gained independence of the Franks. He then left his territories to his sons.

WILFRED THE HAYRY

BORRELL II

QUICK REVISIONQUICK REVISION

• Charlemagne created The Marca Hispánica to defend his territory from Muslim armies.• The Marca Hispánica was divided

into counties that eventually gained independence from Frankish rule

QUIZ

• Who was the first king of the kingdom of Aragón?

• Ramiro I

• When did the Catalan counties gained independence?

• In 987

ACTIVITIES

• Page 57, 6 and 7

ANSWERS

6. Pamplona: Sancho IIIAragón: Ramiro ICatalan counties: Borrell II

7. The Marca Hispánica was a defensive zone created by Charlemagne to protect his Pyrenees territories

The resettlement (repoblación)

• It is the process of occupation of territory after the Christians kings conquered it from the Muslims.

• Once conquered, the territory became property of the King.

• Then,

The territory could be given to free peasants.

The territory could be given to nobles

The territory could be given to monasteries

Monasterio de Santo Toribio de Liébana de Potes

Monasterio de San Miguel de la Escalada

The king awarded privileges to the settlers.

The privileges were:• Trade permits• Personal freedom• Exemptions from taxes

These privileges were detailed in a document.

This document is called the settlement letter (carta puebla o carta de poblamiento)

SETTLEMENT LETTERS

CARTA PUEBLA DE CIUDAD REAL CARTA PUEBLA DE AZUEBAR (Valencia)

P. 59ACTIVITIES

A) What was resettlement?B) What was a settlement letter?

A) Resettlement was the process of Christian occupation of territory taken from Muslims.

B) Settlement letters were documents detailing the privileges awarded by kings to settlers.