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transcript
Unit 4
Astronomy:
the science of the stars
How Life Began on the Earth
Period 1
Science Science
SubjectsSubjects
Physics
Chemistry
Biology
Geology
Mathematics
Medicine
Biochemistry
Geophysics
Astronomy
AstronomyAstronomy is the scientific study of the universe and the heaven bodies (such as the sun, the moon, and stars), gas, and dust within it.
astronomerastronomer
The Big BangThe Big Bang
The Solar systemThe Solar system
• eight planets• many comets• other objects
WaterWater AirAir LifeLife
Water is the headspring of life.Water is the headspring of life.
?
A cloud of dust
Combine into a solid ball
Explode…with fire & rock
(produce H2O, CO2,O2, N2, other gases)
atmosphereCool down
water appeared dissolve harmful gases into …
Life began
Life developed
The development of life
A cloud of dust → a solid ball →
presence of water → on
the water → shellfish & other fish
→ plants begin to grow on dry
land → insects and amphibians appear
→ retiles appear → dinosaurs appear
→ mammals appear
The development of life
small plants grow
on the water
appear
shellfish & other fish
plants begin to grow on dry
land insects and amphibians appear
retiles appear dinosaurs appear
mammals appear
Good morning/afternoon, I am Dr…. I’m
greatly honored to be here to give you a
speech about the development of life. …
What problems have been caused by humans to the earth?
How to protect the earth and
make it a better place to live on?
Design an activity on Earth Day
What the activity is about
Why the activity is designed
When and where to do the
activity
Who takes part in the activity
What to be done in the activity
…
Homework
1. Search the Internet for the information of the development of life.
2. Read and learn good words, phrases or
structures from Reading.
Period 2
Using Language
&
Reading Task
the natural force that causes an object to move toward the centre of the earth.
Gravity
Isaac Newton Albert Einstein
Stephen Hawking
Gravity
1. I heard about how three men made mistakes when they tried to describe gravity.
2. I heard about how three men wanted to find out about the beginning of the universe.
3. I heard about how the idea of gravity has developed over a long period of time.
4. I heard about three scientists and their work.
Main idea
Newton Einstein Hawking
Dates
Idea
Other info.
1642-1727 1879-1955 1942-
Everything is affected by a force called gravity
Gravity is connected to time and space
“Black holes” “eat” objects but also “spit” them out.
It was only about the earth.
It was about the universe.
It was about things found in the universe called “black holes”.
A visit to the moon
On the moon
The change of gravity
In space
Very strong
Very heavy
Disappeared
Floated weightlessly
Very light
The mass will be less
Leave the earth
Last month I visited the moon with my friend. Before we left, I was told the force of g_____ would change three times on our journey. Then we took off. As we left the earth, I became very h_______. Gradually the weight l_______. When I was in space, it d__________. We f_______ weightlessly in the cabin and I c_____ ___. When I was on the moon, I was surprised to find out even walking needs lots of practice n__ ____ gravity changed. The returning of the earth was very f_________. We were amazed to watch fire b____ ____ on the outside of the ship.
gravity
heavylessened
disappeared floatedcheered up
now thatfrightening
break out
A black hole
About usAbout the black hole
About others
Circle of lights
Large stars
Like a mouth
In shock and amazement
Light went out Computers stopped working
Feel sick
My mouth dry
Close my eyes
Spaceship not move
I was bumped
and banged
able to look
Spit objects out
Pull us into its mouth
Jumped again,increase its speed as fast as light,like a bird
Jump and went faster
My watch slower
excitingComputer began to work again
turn away
Homework
1.Search for more about the black hole.
2.Read these two passages again to find out how to organize a story.
Period3
Listening task, talking, listening and writing
C. To make the Hubble telescope work again.
Why did Li Yanping have his first space walk?
A. To collect data for his research on gravity.
B. To test the function of the new spacesuit.
C. To make the Hubble telescope work again.
How to cool you
How to breathe
Problems What to eat
What to dress
1.Oxygen can
2.Water system
3.Gravity boots
4. Left engine
5.Right engine 6.Tool kit
Please look at/ listen to… Please check that… You need…Please pay attention to… Don’t forget to… You’d better…Make sure you… Watch out for… You must(n’t)…
…
…
The manned spacecrafts Shenzhou 5 & 6
Shenzhou 5 Shenzhou 6
When
Who
How long
Oct. 15, 2003 Oct. 12, 2005
Yang Liwei
21 hours and 23 minutes
5 days
videovideo
Fei Junlong
Nei Haisheng
Interview
Mr. Renault
1. Yang Liwei became an astronaut by chance. 2. Nobody over 170cm can be an astronaut. 3. Yang Liwei trained for 10 years to become a pilo
t. 4. If Yang Liwei had problems in space, there were
ways to save him. 5. China is the third country to send people into sp
ace just like Russia and the USA. 6. Yang Liwei thinks he was lucky to be China’s fir
st man in space.
T
True OR False
FF
T
T
T
Info. on Yang Liwei, the astronaut
The exams he passed
Experience
Physical qualities
Personal qualities
Excellent degree and 10 years’ training
Pilot for the air force of the PLA
Smaller than 170 cm; less than 70 kg
Calm, mature, hard-working
What have you learnt from the great scientist?
What qualities should a scientist have?
What should you do now in preparation for becoming an astronaut or scientist?
Brainstorming for writing
What will we meet on the moon?
when where what
who problems Solution
How to write an outline?
Outline
(main idea)
The first paragraph(introduction)
Body (your own ideas on the item)
Conclusion (summing up)
heading
Homework
1. Search more information on Shenzhou 5 & 6.
2. Read and learn important words or phrases learnt in class.
Grammar:Grammar:
Period 4
Subject clause
Can you find the following sentence in the reading passage?
In this sentence, a noun clause is used as the subject.
What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.
Please pick out three more sentences with subject clauses from the reading passage.
1. …because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.
2. What scientists think is that the earth was different because of …
3. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on …
P64 USING STRUCTURE
Do you know where we come from? How did the universe begin? Read the passage and try to understand how Stephen Hawking solved the problems?
1. What has attracted Stephen Hawking all his life?
2. Does he think it simple to answer the questions? What’s his opinion?
3. What have we discovered about the universe, past and present?
4. How can we have a complete picture of the universe?
What the universe is like has attracted him.
No. The answers have always well beyond our reach.
Milky Way galaxy; billions of galaxies, in a universe that is infinite and expanding; big bang; black hole; a dark matter; a possible Big Crunch.
Learning to understand what we see.
1. _____ the universe is like has attracted Stephen Hawking all his life.
2. _____ is clear and simple about the universe has always seemed too difficult for us to answer.
3. _____ the universe exists the way it does is a major question to all those who have looked at stars like Hawking.
4. _____ has developed over two thousand years of observation has to be greatly revised.
5. _____ in the universe we live is not the centre, but one of the mine planets orbiting the sun, which is just one of millions of stars in our own Milky Way galaxy.
What
What
Why
What
where
6. ______ we understand the universe is the time when we human beings will have answered all the questions.
7. ______ we can have a complete picture of the universe depends on learning to understand what we see.
8. ______ Hawking wants to tell us in this text is that we should study the universe, and understand it.
When
How
What
做主语用的名词性从句，因其在复合句中做主语，又称主语从句，引导主语从句的有从属连词 that, whether ， 连接代词 who, what, which ， 连接副词 when, where, how, why 等。
1. 连接词：
1 ）从属连词： that ， whether 等 .that 引导主语从句只起引导作用，本身无实际意义，在主语从句中不充当任何成分，但不能省略。
That she left him cut him to the heart.That he will come is certain.
2) 连接代词 who ， what ， which, whatever, whichever, whoever
What seems easy to some people seems difficult to others.Which side will win is not clear.
由 whether 及其他连词引导的主语从句放在句首，句后都可。
Whether it will please them is not easy to say.Whether she’s coming or not doesn’t matter too much.
3) 连接副词 when ， where ， how ， why 等。Why he did it remains a mystery.When they will start is not known yet.How he became a great scientist is known to us all.
2. 位置： 主语从句可以前置，也可以后置。用 it 做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末，常用下面几种句型。
1 ） It + be + 表语 + 主语从句表语：（名词， 形容词，过去分词）
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.
It is true that I told her everything.
It is a pity that we can’t go.
It is no surprise that our team should have won the game.
It is an honour that I was invited to attend the meeting.
It is said that Mr. Green has arrived in Beijing.
It is reported that China has sent another manmade earth satellite into orbit.
2 ） It+ 不及物动词或短语 + 主语从句It seemed (happened, doesn’t matter, has turned out) that…
It happens that they were absent.It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.
3) It + 及物动词（被动语态） + 主语从句It has been decided that the exhibition will not open on Sundays.
注意 :1 ）主语从句在句首时，必须由连接词引导，不能省略这些连接词；但是如果用 it做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，从属连词 that 可以省略。
误： They should like each other is natural.正： That they should like each other is natural.正： It is natural that they should like each other.
2) 如果主语从句放在句首，不能用 if 引导，但是如果用 it 做形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用 if 引导 .
误： If Mary really heard him is really doubtful.正： It was doubtful if Mary really heard him.
1.I have always been honest and straightforward, and it doesn‘t matter ______that I’m talking to.A. who is it B. who it is C. it is who D. it is whom
2. It is pretty well understood ___ controls the flow of carbon dioxide in and out the atmosphere today. A. that B. when C. what D. how
3. _____ made the school proud was______ more than 90 ％ of the students had been admitted to key universities.
A. What; because B. What ; that
C. That ; what D. That ; because
4. ______ we will go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.
A. If B. Whether C. That D. Where5. _______ that they can pass the written
exam this time. A. That is hoped B. It is hoped C. It hopes D. That hopes
6. It was doubtful ____ Mary really heard him.
A. that B. if C. whether D. what
Reading comprehension:
Put the following sentences into Chinese: 1. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust
began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun.
随后它会变成什么曾经是一个谜，直到最后这团尘埃开始慢慢地合成一个环绕太阳运转的球状物。
2. The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.
问题是地球（开始）变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续存在下去。
3. It allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases, which had become part of the earth’s atmosphere, into the oceans and seas.
它使得地球得以把曾经存在于大气层中的有害气体，溶解在海洋里。
4. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
在未来的千百万年中，生命能否在地球上延续将取决于这个问题能否得到解决。
Homework
Review the subjective clause.
Finish the exercise on the workbook.
Language points
Period 5
1. What it was to become was a mystery until the dust began to slowly combine into a ball moving around the sun. 1. _________________ （使大家吃惊的是） is that he didn’t come to the meeting.
What surprised everybody
2. ________________ （他所做的） added to our difficulty.
What he did
_____ we can’t get seems better than ____ we have. A. What; what B. What; that C. That; that D. That;what_____ made the school proud was _____ more than 90% of the students had been admitted to key universities. A.What;because B. What;that;C. That;what D.That;because
A
B
2.The problem was that the earth became violent because it was not clear whether the solid shape was to last or not.
问题是地球开始变得激烈动荡，不知道这个固体形状是否会继续下去。
n. 固体 solid, liquid, gas
adj. 固体的；实心的 , 无空隙的；结实的，坚固的
solid fuels solid food a solid sphere solid furniturea man of solid build
1) Matter has three states: solid, liquid and gas.
2) When water freezes, it becomes solid and we call it ice.
be to (do): (something) will definitely happen, or it must happen 不可避免要发生或必须发生 e.g.They said goodbye, little knowing that they were never to meet again. She is to be honoured for this great work. Mr. Clark said to his daughter, “You are to be home by 10 o’clock at the latest.”
3.It exploded loudly with fire and rock, which were in time to produce the water vapour, …
1). （使某物）炸开，爆炸 2). （指感情）激发
3). （指人口）突然或迅速增加 The firework exploded in his hand and he was hurt seriously.
I was frightened when she exploded into loud laughter.
Now it is not easy to find jobs with the exploding population.
explosion n. 爆炸（声） explosive adj. 爆炸性的，易爆炸的 n. 炸药，爆炸物
in time (for sth/to do sth):in time (for sth/to do sth): not late 及时；不迟She will be back in time to prepare dinner. 她来得及回来准备晚饭。
in timein time: sooner or later; eventually 迟早；最后I’ll see him in time. 总有一天我会遇见他。
in/out of time: in/not in the correct time 合 / 不合节拍The audience clapped in time to the music.观众合着音乐的节拍拍手。
4. As the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. 随着地球的冷却 , 地球的表面就开始出现了水。
cool adj. 凉快；冷静；冷淡 v. （使）变冷；冷静下来
1) Let’s sit in the shade and get cool. 2) I knew I had to keep cool. 3) His play received a cool response from the public. 4) The rain has cooled the air. 5) Let your soup cool a little before you drink it. 6) A heated argument can be settled better if both sides cool down first. 7) I tried to cool her down but she was still very angry when she left.
5. Nobody knew that it was going to be different from other planets going round the sun.
be very / much / quite / entirely / totally different from与…不同
City life is quite different from country life.
1 ）城市生活和农村生活很不同。
2 ）他们的品位和我不同。Their tastes are different from mine.
There are differences between…and… … 与…之间有不同之处tell…from… 把…与…区分开来the same as… 与…一样be similar to 与…相似
going round the sun 为现在分词短语，做定语，表示一般的动作。例如：
Men breaking the law will be punished.Men who break the law will be punished.
现在分词短语作定语，也可表示进行的动作。例如：
Can you see the girl dancing with your boyfriend?Can you see the girl who is dancing with her boyfriend?
你能看到与男友跳舞的那个姑娘吗？
6. It allows the earth to dissolve harmful gases, which… allow vt. 允许、许可、容许 allow+n./pron./doing allow sb. to do be allowed to do
My father doesn’t allow smoking at home. In fact he doesn’t allow us to smoke anywhere at any time.父亲不允许在家里吸烟。实际上，他不允许我们在任何地方任何时候吸烟。Are we allowed to use the computer?我们可以用电脑么？
be harmful to 对…有害
do harm to sb. = do sb. harm 伤害某人，对某人有害处
1) Pollution is especially harmful to animals.
2) Smoking will do you a lot of harm.
it 作形式宾语，其真正的宾语可以是不定式，动名词和从句。
1. The foreign Minister said, “_____ our hope that the two sides will work towards peace. ”(2004BJ)
A. This is B. There is C. That is D. It is
2. I like ____ in the autumn when the weather is clear and bright. (NMET2004)A. this B. that C. it D. one
3. Why don’t you bring ___ to his attention that you are too busy to do it?A. this B. that C. what D. it
D
C
D
7. That made it possible for life to begin to develop.
4. Why? I have nothing to confess. ____ you want me to say? A. What is it that B. What it is that C. How is it that D. How it is that 5. Was it at the school ____ was named after a hero ______ he spent his childhood? A. which ; that B. where; where C. that; where D. which; where
A
A
8. They multiplied and filled the first oceans and seas with oxygen .
multiply (数目上 ) 增加，增多；乘；（使）繁殖
1) Our problems have multiplied since last year.
2) 2 and 5 multiply to make 10.
4) The plants here multiply rapidly.
3) 6 multiplied by 5 is 30.
= Multiply 6 by 5 to make 30.
9. This encouraged the development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish.
encourage 鼓舞；促进；怂恿。后接名词、代词，也可接不定式作宾语补足语。如：
High prices for corn and wheat will encourage farming.玉米和小麦的高价将促进农业的发展。My success encouraged me to continue.我的成功鼓励我继续干下去。
He encouraged me to learn dancing.他鼓励我去学跳舞。
development (1)[U] 成长 , 发育；发展 ( 过程 ) ；扩展
The development of this industry will take several years.这项工业的发展要经过几年的时间。
(2)[C] 开发区 , 新社区
a new housing development 新建住宅区
(3) [C] 进化 , 进展；新情况 ,新闻What are the latest developments?
The use of computers in teaching is a recent development.教学上使用计算机是新近才有的事 .
10. Many millions of years later the first green plants began to appear on land.
late adj. 迟到的，晚的；前任的；以前的；已故的
later adv. 后来，较晚时候 , 过后 adj. late 的比较级 ( 更迟的 , 更后的 )
latest adj. 最新的
lately adv. =recently 近来 1) Mr. Zhu Rongji is the late Prime Minister of China.
3) She said she would ring you later this morning.
5) It’s only lately that she has been well enough to go out.
2) He is often late for school.
4) Have you heard about the latest news?
11. When the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time.
She is growing into a beautiful young woman.她渐渐出落成一个美丽的姑娘。
生长成为 ,渐渐成为或变得…（不用于被动语态）
12. They produced young generally by laying eggs.
It’s generally believed that… 一般认为…
generally speaking 一般而言，概括来说
1) It’s generally believed that girls work harder than boys do.
2) Generally speaking, women cry more easily than men.
动词 过去式 过去分词 现在分词 意义
lie lay lain lying 躺，位于
lie lied lied lying 撒谎
lay laid laid laying 搁，放，下蛋
The naughty boy ___ to me that the hen that ___
there just now had___ two eggs the day before.
A. laid; laid; laid B. laid; lay; lain
C. lied; laid; lain D. lied; lay; laid
D
13. Small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread all over the earth.
vi. 散布 , 传播，蔓延 , 伸展，扩展
vt. 铺开，摊开
1) The news spread through the school very quickly. 2) There’s a desert spreading for hundreds of miles.
3) He spread out his arms to welcome us. 4) I spread a new cloth on the table.
14. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space.
阻止某人做某事 :prevent sb. (from) doing sth.
stop sb. (from) doing sth.
keep sb. from doing sth.
1) We must prevent them from making trouble.
2) You should prevent the child from injuring himself.
If nothing prevents, …
如果没有什么阻碍的话 , …
15. Whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved.
depend on
sb. / sth.
sb. to do sth. sb. doing sth. sb. /sth. for sth.
相信，信赖 , 依靠 ,依赖 ,视…而定，取决于 1) When you are in a strange place you’d better depend on the map.
2) You can’t depend on others to help you.
3) All living things depend on the sun for their growth. 4) He depends on his pen for his living.
wh-
5) You can depend on him. He’ll lead you there. 6) Success depends on your own hard work. 7) Our success depends on whether everyone works hard.
depend on it 没问题，请放心（句末或句首）
That /It (all) depends. 那得看情况而定
1) Depend on it, you’ll succeed.
2) He may support me, but it depends . Tell him what you want to say; he’s a man to __. A. count B. believe C. trust D. depend 解析 : 相信 /信赖某人 :count on sb. believe in sb. depend on sb.trust (in) sb.
C
Word study:
Translate the following into English
1. 把……当作2. 太阳系3. 总有一天；及时4. 一般地说来5. 信赖；取决于6. 目前7. 做出选择8. 天文学9. 氧10.阻止
think of …assolar systemin timegenerally speakingdepend on at presentmake choices astronomyoxygen prevent …from …
make watch wonder be cool multiply begin exist explode Where do we come from? How did the universe __________ ? When we _______ the stars through the telescope, we _________ why the universe ________ . After the “Big Bang” ,the earth ______ just a cloud of energetic dust. Somehow it _________ loudly with fire and rock, which ______ the earth’s atmosphere. As the earth _______ down water _______ to appear on its surface, which was important for the beginning of life. Then living things __________ on the earth.
begin watch
wonderexistswas
explodedmadecooled
began
multiplied
Language points for Reading(P30)
cheer up : 欢呼，喝彩，感到高兴，使高兴。
当看到球队的到来，人群欢呼起来。_____________________ when they saw the team arrive.
他带她去听音乐会来使她高兴。He took her _____________ to ____________.
The crowd cheered up
to the concertcheer her up
watch …do/doing : 观看，注视
我们看着太阳正在树后面落下。We _____________________ behind the trees.
每一天当他们看到植物生长，他们的心里都充满了希望。Every day as they __________________ , their hearts filled with hope.
watched the sun setting
watched the plant grow
now that :既然，由于
既然每个人都到了，我们就可以开始会议。_________________________, we can begin the meeting.
由于你是一个大男孩 , 你就必须行为表现得更好 ._______________________, you must behave better.
Now that everybody is here
Now that you are a big boy
We watched amazed as fire broke out on the outside of the spaceship as the earth’s gravity increased.amazed 是过去分词，此处做状语用 他进来的时候没有人注意到 .
He came in _________ .
break out (战争 ,争吵 ,疾病等 ) 爆发
在深夜 , 突然有人吵架 .
_________________ suddenly at midnight.A quarrel broke out
unnoticed
Homework
Review the reading materials.
Find out the beautiful sentences in this unit.
Thank you very much.
Good bye!