Post on 12-Jan-2016
transcript
Unit 4The Periodic Table
Chemistry IMr. Patel
SWHS
Topic Outline
• Continue Learning Major Ions• Organization of the Periodic Table (6.1)• Classification of Elements (6.1)• Tour of the Periodic Table (6.2)• Periodic Trends (6.3)
Organizing the PT
• Properties of elements are used to sort them• Mendeleev – 1st periodic table– Arranged elements based on
atomic mass– Made predictions of new
elements
Organizing the PT
• Modern periodic table arranges elements based on atomic number
• Periodic Law: repetition of physical and chemical properties
Metals
• Most elements • Good conductors, high luster, ductile,
malleable• Most are solid (except Hg)• Found left of stair-step
line
Nonmetals
• Contains the gaseous elements• Mostly gas, few solids at room temp• Poor conductors• Brittle• Found to right of
stair-step line
Metalloids/Semimetals
• Properties of metals and nonmetals– Based on physical conditions
• Found above andbelow stair-step line
Periodic Table
• Each block gives information about the element
• Groups – columns• Periods – rows• Representative Elements – Groups 1A to 7A
1H
1.008
2He
4.003
3Li
6.941
4Be
9.012
5B
10.81
6C
12.01
7N
14.01
8O
16.00
9F
19.00
10Ne
20.18
11Na
22.99
12Mg
24.30
13Al
26.98
14Si
28.09
15P
30.97
16S
32.07
17Cl
35.45
18Ar
39.95
19K
39.10
20Ca
40.08
21Sc
44.96
22Ti
47.88
23V
50.94
24Cr
52.00
25Mn
54.94
26Fe
55.85
27Co
58.93
28Ni
58.69
29Cu
63.55
30Zn
65.39
31Ga
69.72
32Ge
72.61
33As
74.92
34Se
78.96
35Br
79.90
36Kr
83.80
37Rb
85.47
38Sr
87.62
39Y
88.91
40Zr
91.22
41Nb
92.91
42Mo
95.94
43Tc
(98)
44Ru
101.1
45Rh
102.9
46Pd
106.4
47Ag
107.9
48Cd
112.4
43In
114.8
50Sn
118.7
51Sb
121.7
52Te
127.6
53I
126.9
54Xe
131.3
55Cs
132.9
56Ba
137.3
57La
138.9
72Hf
178.5
73Ta
180.9
74W
183.8
75Re
186.2
76Os
190.2
77Ir
192.2
78Pt
195.1
79Au
197.0
80Hg
200.6
81Tl
204.4
82Pb
207.2
83Bi
209.0
84Po
(209)
85At
(210)
86Rn
(222)
87Fr
(223)
88Ra
(226)
89Ac
227.0
104Rf
(261)
105Db
(262)
106Sg
(263)
107Ns
(264)
108Hs
(265)
109Mt
(268)
110Ds
(281)
111Rg
(272)
112Uub(285)
58Ce
140.1
59Pr
140.9
60Nd
144.2
61Pm
(145)
62Sm
150.4
63Eu
152.0
64Gd
157.2
65Tb
158.9
66Dy
162.5
67Ho
164.9
68Er
167.3
69Tm
168.9
70Yb
173.0
71Lu
175.0
90Th
232.0
91Pa
231.0
92U
238.0
93Np
(237)
94Pu
(244)
95Am
(243)
96Cm
(247)
97Bk
(247)
98Cf
(251)
99Es
(252)
100Fm
(257)
101Md
(258)
102No
(259)
103Lr
(260)
Atomic NumberElement symbolWeighted average atomic mass
63Eu
152.0 Groups
Groups
Groups
Perio
ds Periods
Group 1A
• Called the Alkali Metals• Elements: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs,
Fr (largest atom)• Very reactive with air
and water• Form Bases (alkali)
Group 2A
• Called the Alkaline-Earth Metals• Elements: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr (pic), Ba, Ra• Abundant in Earth Crust• Reactive with water - bases
Group 7A
• Called Halogens• Elements: F, Cl, Br, I, At• Form salts
Group 8A
• Called Noble Gases• Elements: He, Ne, Ar, Kr (pic), Xe, Rn• Full electron shell• Not Reactive• Gases
The Middle Ones
• Elements between 2A and 3A• Transition metals – colors• Inner Transition metals at
bottom of Periodic Table – Synthetic /Radioactive
IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA
IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB IB IIB
Alka
li m
etal
s
Alka
line
eart
h m
etal
s
Nob
le g
ases
Hal
ogen
s
Transition metals
Lanthanoids
Actinoids
Inner Transition metals
1
2
4
3
5
7
6
Groups
Perio
dsThe Periodic Table of Elements
Periodic Trends
• Based on the organization of PT, trends in atomic parameters exist– Atomic Size– Ionization Energy– Electronegativity
Atomic Size
• Atomic Radius – one half the distance between two nuclei when joined (same element)
Atomic Size Trend
Atomic Size
• Atomic size:– Increases down a column– Decreases across a period
Increasing Atomic Size
Incr
easi
ng A
tom
ic S
ize
Ionization Energy
• Ionization Energy (IE) – energy required to remove an electron from an atom
First Ionization Energy Trend
First Ionization Energy
• Ionization Energy:– Decreases down a column– Increases across a period
Increasing Ionization Energy
Incr
easi
ng IE
Electronegativity
• Electronegativity – ability of an atom to attract/pull electrons
Electronegativity Trend
Electronegativity
• Electronegativity:– Decreases down a column– Increases across a period
Increasing Electronegativity
Incr
easi
ng E
N
Trend SummaryAtomic Size
Ionization Energy Electronegativity
Which is the larger atom?
1. Be or F
2. Ca or Ba
3. Rb or Cl
4. Largest atom?
1. Be
2. Ba
3. Rb
4. Fr
Which has higher IE?
1. Be or F
2. Ca or Ba
3. Rb or Cl
1. F
2. Ca
3. Cl
Which has higher Electronegativity?
1. Be or F
2. Ca or Ba
3. Rb or Cl
4. Highest EN?
1. F
2. Ca
3. Cl
4. F