Post on 10-Sep-2019
transcript
Griffith-GA Studies
Unit 5: Civil war
SS8H6
THE BIG IDEA
SS8H6: The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia
Analyze- to divide a complex idea into parts or elements; dissect, break down
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SS8H6a - Antebellum
SS8H6a: Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War:
Explain-to make understandable, spell out; illustrate, interpret
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Antebellum SS8H6a
Antebellum- “before the war”
What was life like in the South before the War?
In fact… only a small number of people lived in this way
Small amount of people with most of the wealth
Agricultural based economy b/c of warm climate and fertile topsoil
Agricultural, Independent lifestyle
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Slavery SS8H6a
Cotton was important to the South’s economy
Cheap labor was needed to grow and clean cotton Rapid growth after cotton gin
Slavery WAS the cheap labor
Slaves did resist: Running away
Working slow
Damage tools
Pretending sick
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Using the maps above, what conclusions can we draw about the relationship between slaves and cotton?
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Slave Market SS8H6a
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Argument for/against Slavery SS8H6a
Abolitionists- pushed to end slavery (Douglas, Tubman, Stowe, Garrison)
The more abolitionists pushed… the more southerners supported slavery
As abolitionists worked to end slavery or at least stop it from spreading, support for slavery grew in the south
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G.S.
The Underground Railroad
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North vs. South SS8H6a
Tensions grew between Northern states and Southern states
Tariffs
States’ rights
Expansion of slavery into western states
“Sectionalism”- Putting the interests of a particular section or region above those of the nation
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North vs. South SS8H6a
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States’ Rights SS8H6a
States’ Rights: The idea that the federal government (U.S.) only has those powers spelled out in the Constitution. The states therefore have rights that the U.S. Government cannot violate. How much power do the individual states have in relation to the
Federal Government?
The main right that most states were arguing for at this time was the right to have slavery
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Balance of Power SS8H6a
There was a great struggle at the national level to balance the number of slave states and free states
For the North/South to have equal power, there had to be an equal number of slave states and free states
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Nullification SS8H6a
Nullification- the theory that a state can “nullify” or invalidate a law that they see as unconstitutional. This disagreement came from an argument over tariffs. North
supported tariffs and South did not b/c it would hurt their cotton profits
Nullification was a slap in the face to the U.S. Government. SC threatened to nullify the tariff and secede
President Jackson threatened to attack SC if they tried to secede and they backed down
GA did not jump on the nullification bandwagon at 1st b/c they respected President Jackson for removing the Indians
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Missouri Compromise SS8H6a
AKA: Compromise of 1820
Would Missouri be free state or would
it be a slave state? Missouri came into union as a slave state
Maine would be admitted as a free state
Slavery would be prohibited North of 36°30’ latitude (Missouri’s Southern Border)
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Compromise of 1820- SS8H6a
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Compromise of 1850 SS8H6a
The compromise of held off the war for a few more years…
California is admitted as a free state
Fugitive slave law
New states have “popular sovereignty”
Upon admission, state would decide for themselves whether or not to have slavery
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Compromise of 1850
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North Gets
California admitted as a free state
Slave trade prohibited in Washington D.C.
Texas loses boundary dispute w/ New Mexico
South Gets
No slavery restrict. in Utah or New Mexico territories (Popular Sovereignty regarding slavery in New States)
Slaveholding permitted in Washington D.C.
Texas gets $10 million
Fugitive Slave Law
Georgia Platform SS8H6a
GA Platform- (1850) was a document that showed GA’s effort to preserve the Union (Led by Stephens and Toombs)
GA would remain in the Union as long as the North abided by the compromise of 1850 (Fugitive slave law), and stopped trying to block the entry of slave states
Howell Cobb
Robert Toombs
Alexander Stephens Griffith-GA Studies
Kansas-Nebraska Act SS8H6a
(1854) Would Kansas/Nebraska be free or slave states?
Kansas/Nebraska Act:
Voters in KA/NE would decide whether slavery would be permitted
Pro slavery and Abolitionists flew to Kansas to sway the vote… “Bleeding Kansas.”
Kansas became a free state
Nebraska came in as a free state after the war Griffith-GA Studies
Dred Scott v. Sanford SS8H6a
Dred Scott sued the state of Missouri to get his freedom after master moved to Illinois and Wisconsin and then back to Missouri
The Supreme court decision was 7-2 against him saying that he was not a citizen, and was not free
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Dred Scott Case Effects SS8H6a
Pro slavery advocates loved the decision
Court had decided that slaves and free blacks were not citizens
Northerners outraged at decision
Helped to doom the Compromise of 1850
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Election of 1860 SS8H6a
Republicans (new party) opposed slavery
Lincoln, Republican won election
Lincoln’s name was not even on the ballot in most Southern states
The election of 1860 sent a strong signal to the south that slavery days were coming to an end.
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1860 Candidates Democrats split, opened
door for Republicans
4 Candidates
Abraham Lincoln (Illinois)
Republican
Stephen Douglas (Illinois)
Northern Democrat
John Breckenridge (Kentucky)
Southern Democrat
John Bell (Tennessee)
Constitutional Union Party Primarily concerned with
avoiding secession
Lincoln
Breckenridge
Douglas
Bell Griffith-GA Studies
1860 Election Results
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Secession Debate SS8H6a
Secession was seen as an inherent right of the people to overthrow a bad government
Secession was seen as a way to address the problems with U.S. Government
Some Georgians wanted secession and others didn’t Many small farmers and North
Georgians against secession
When Lincoln was elected (anti slavery Republican party) Southerners felt it was time to secede from the union. Griffith-GA Studies
GA Ordinance of Secession SS8H6a
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How did Northerners view the South for wanting to secede?
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Confederate States of America
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States in CSA
Texas
Louisiana
Mississippi
Florida
Georgia
Alabama
South Carolina
Tennessee
North Carolina
Virginia
Arkansas
CSA claimed these border states also:
Kentucky
Missouri
Alexander Stephens SS8H6a
Slave owner Georgia Baker –Scott (1995) p.72
Lifelong bachelor, poured all of his time into politics
“Voice of reason” who pushed to pass GA Platform which kept GA in the union
Opposed secession up until the day GA seceeded and then supported GA and the Confederacy Wanted to wait and see what
Lincoln did before seceding
Became VP of CSA Griffith-GA Studies
Jefferson Davis
President of the Confederacy
Senator from Mississippi
Member of President Pierce’s cabinet
Arrested and imprisoned after the Civil War
Later released and authored 2 books on history of the CSA
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Events leading to War SS8H6a
In your notebook:
Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War
Explain- to make understandable, to spell out (illustrate, interpret)
Slavery
States’ rights
Nullification
Missouri Compromise
Compromise of 1850
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Dred Scott case
Election of 1860
Secession
What key events led
to the deepening
unrest and hostility in
antebellum America ?
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Explain the importance of key issues and events that led to the Civil War
Explain- to make understandable, to spell out; (illustrate, interpret)
Summary Discussion-SS8H6a
Can you answer the EQ now? (H6a) Conflict and Change
What key events contributed to deepening unrest and hostility in antebellum America?
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Geography/Economics: Transportation Systems
SS8G2: The student will explain how the railroad’s help drive the states economy
SS8E2b: Explain how the 4 transportation systems from SS8G2 contribute to Georgia’s role in world trade
Explain- to make understandable, to spell out; (illustrate, interpret)
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Railroads SS8G2, SS8E2b
By the 1840’s railroads began to replace steamboats as the primary way to transport cotton. Using Rail lines farmers could ship cotton well into the Piedmont region (rivers not navigable
in the Piedmont region)
Railroads become crucial to the Southern Economy
Railroads are one of the 4 main transportation systems even today Rail, Air, Water, Interstate
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G.S.
G.S.
Remember: THE BIG IDEA
SS8H6: The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia
Analyze- to divide a complex idea into parts or elements (dissect, break down)
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SS8H6b – Civil War
SS8H6b: State the importance of key events of the Civil War:
State-to put into words or express with a systematic statement (say, express)
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The Civil War SS8H6b
1861-1865
“It was a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.”
Georgia was “heart of the Confederacy” because…
Strategic location
Network of railroads
Ability to supply food/equipment
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Joseph E. Brown SS8H6b
Governor of Georgia during the Civil War
Lawyer and businessman Born in SC, raised in North GA
Went to Yale law school
Secessionist Always showed concern for men in the
battle & their well being
Later became GA Senator
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Antietam SS8H6b
1st major battle of Civil War
Lee had string of victories and wanted to take war to the North
Single bloodiest day in American History
23,000 casualties
Southern loss may be due to the capture of “Special Order Number 191” which detailed Lee’s plans for movement
No clear victory
Lee withdrew to VA, Lincoln saw as victory for North
5 days later Lincoln announces Emancipation Proclamation
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Emancipation Proclamation SS8H6b
Actual text This document (issued in Sept.
of 1862) declared that all slaves in the CONFEDERACY were free (as of Jan. 1863)
Only freed slaves in the CSA states Ex: If you were a slave in a slave
state that fought for the Union you were not free even if you were a Union soldier
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Gettysburg SS8H6b
Battle of Gettysburg (in Penn.) is “turning point” of the Civil War 3 day battle
50,000 soldiers killed
South retreated, never invaded the North again
Lincoln made famous “Gettysburg Address” dedicating battlefield and urging preservation of Union
Actual Address only a couple of minutes long
His speech redefines the purpose of the war
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Chickamauga SS8H6b
1863 Battle in NW GA where CSA army turned back Union soldiers After this defeat, Union recaptured
Chattanooga and used it as a launching point for the Atlanta Campaign
Biggest battle fought in GA Until this battle, GA was virtually
untouched
3 days, 34000 casualties
Confederates led by General Braxton Bragg
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Gen. Braxton Bragg
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Crawford Long
In 1842 Crawford Long used ether as an anesthetic
Before this discovery surgeries were painful and patients were asked to drink large amounts of alcohol to dull the pain
Doctors could take their time and not worry about the patient waking up.
Long didn’t publicize his findings and didn’t receive credit until 30 years later
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G.S.
Union Blockade SS8H6b
Union Navy closed ports and rivers to choke CSA imports and exports South exported cotton to England and France in
exchange for weapons
AKA “Anaconda Plan” North had superior Navy
Led by General Winfield Scott
Unsuccessful at first b/c of blockade runners, until the North destroyed Fort Pulaski and shut down port at Savannah
Effects: shortages on food and manufactured goods, higher prices
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G.S.
G.S.
Anaconda Plan Political Cartoon
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What is unique about Georgia as opposed to other Southern states in the picture?
William T. Sherman SS8H6b Union General during
Civil War
Good military strategy
His strategy brought a swift end to the war
Used uncivilized warfare tactics
Most hated figure in Georgia History
Currently resides in a very warm habitat
Destroyed GA during Atlanta Campaign and March to the Sea
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In Sherman’s own words…
“Every attempt to make war easy and safe will result in humiliation and disaster.”
“I intend to make Georgia howl.”
“I would make this war as severe as possible, and show no symptoms of tiring till the South begs for mercy.”
“If the people raise a great howl against my barbarity and cruelty, I will answer that war is war, and not popularity seeking.” Griffith-GA Studies
Atlanta Campaign SS8H6b
Series of battles during summer of 1864 between Chattanooga and Atlanta Sherman constantly outflanked
Johnston during the Campaign
Atlanta was the most important military target for Sherman because it was a center for industry and transportation
CSA economy was already in ruins and this campaign made the situation worse.
“It was a rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight.” The homes/resources of common
men are destroyed on path to Atlanta
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G.S.
Battles of the Atlanta Campaign Atlanta Campaign (1864)
Battle of Rocky Face Ridge (May 7-13) -- Union Victory
Battle of Resaca (May 13-15) -- No Clear Victor
Battle of Adairsville (May 17) -- Union Victory
Battle of New Hope Church (May 25-26) – Confederate Victory
Battle of Dallas (May 26-June 1) – Union Victory
Battle of Pickett’s Mill (May 27) – Confederate Victory
Battle of Marietta (June 9-July 3) – Union Victory
Battle of Kolb’s Farm (June 22) – Union Victory
Battle of Kennesaw Mountain (June 27) – Confederate Victory
Battle of Peachtree Creek (July 20) – Union Victory
Battle of Atlanta (July 22) – Union Victory
Battle of Ezra Church (July 28) – Union Victory
Battle of Utoy Creek (August 5-7) – Confederate Victory
Battle of Jonesboro (August 31- September 1) – Union Victory
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Atlanta Campaign
Map
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Close to Home: The Battle of New Hope Church
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Sherman/Hooker vs. Johnston Confederate victory
May 25-26 1864 Part of the Atlanta campaign
New Hope Church
Paulding County @ intersection of Dallas Acworth Hwy. and Bobo Rd. Griffith-GA Studies
Close to Home: Battle of Pickett’s Mill
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Tremendous Yankee losses
Sherman/Hooker vs. Johnston
May 27, 1864
Part of Atlanta campaign
Confederate victory
Pickett’s Mill
Located in Paulding County on Mt. Tabor Church Rd. just off Dallas/Acworth Hwy
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Close to Home: Battle of Kennesaw Mountain
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June 27, 1864
Part of Atlanta campaign
Confederate victory
Sherman vs. Johnston
Kennesaw Mountain
Located in Cobb County on Kennesaw Mtn. Dr. just off Barrett Parkway
Drive or hike up the mountain
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The Atlanta roundhouse after the conclusion of the Atlanta Campaign
March to the Sea SS8H6b
1864: Gen. William T. Sherman Allowed his soldiers to live off civilian
supplies and take anything of value
Started in Atlanta, ended in Savannah The path of destruction was 300
miles long and 60 miles wide
Purpose: destroy resources (esp. Railroads) and supplies
When reached Savannah he sent Lincoln telegraph saying… “I beg to present you as a
Christmas gift the city of Savannah.”
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G.S.
Ruins in Atlanta
March to the Sea Map
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March to Sea
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Sherman’s Men
Destroying Railroads
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Summary Discussion SS8H6b
Which type of war is most civilized? Why?
Be prepared to justify your position.
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Andersonville SS8H6b
Prison for Civil war “prisoners of war” Planned to hold 10K, held 30K at its peak
Andersonville operated by Confederacy and held Union Prisoners of War
Commanded by Henry Wirz Prisoners severly mistreated, >13K died
South was low on prisoner supplies due to the Union Blockade
Wirz was the only Confederate officer who was tried for crimes. Convicted and hanged on 11/10/1865
1996 Movie Andersonville
Wirz now lives with Sherman in a warmer climate
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Andersonville
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Burial at Andersonville
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Andersonville
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G.S.
The Hanging of Wirz
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Events of the Civil War SS8H6b
In your notebook:
Explain the key events that led to the outcome of the Civil War.
Explain: to make understandable, to spell out; illustrate interpret
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Union Blockade
Antietam
Emancipation Proclamation
Gettysburg
Chickamauga
Sherman’s Atlanta
Campaign
Sherman’s March
to the Sea
Andersonville
Explain the
key events
that led to the
outcome of
the Civil War.
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Explain the key events that led to the outcome of the Civil War Explain: to make understandable, to spell out; illustrate interpret
Remember: THE BIG IDEA
SS8H6: The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia
Analyze- to divide a complex idea into parts or elements (dissect, break down)
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SS8H6c - Reconstruction
SS8H6c: Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states
Analyze- to divide a complex idea into parts or elements (dissect, break down)
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Reconstruction SS8H6c
1865-1872 During Reconstruction,
Georgia was occupied by U.S. military
GA controlled by Republican government
GA’s governor was Republican Rufus Bullock “Convinced” to resign by
the KKK in 1871
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Freedmen’s Bureau SS8H6c
U.S. agency that helped former slaves during Reconstruction Also helped some whites
who were affected by the war
Set up schools & churches (set stage for public
schools in GA)
Issued food & clothing Drew up labor
contracts
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Freedmen’s Bureau: Not without controversy
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Sharecropping/Tenant Farming SS8H6c
Sharecropping-landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced Example: landowner
gets 50% of the crop Sharecropper brings
very little to the table besides his own/his family’s labor.
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Tenant farming- a step up from sharecropping, the tenant uses the land and pays rent, whether in cash or crop Example: landowner gets
$50 or $50 worth of crop
Tenant brings more to the table than just labor (tools, fertilizer, etc.)
Sharecropping/Tenant Farming SS8H6c
Both Sharecropping and Tenant Farming kept many blacks (and even many poor whites) working in the fields after the end of slavery
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Reconstruction Plans SS8H6c
Different plans on how to handle Reconstruction
Lincoln’s Plan
Johnson’s Plan
Radical Republican Plan
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G.S.
Lincoln’s Plan SS8H6c
“Heal” the Nation Bring states back into
Union quickly
President appoints provisional Governors for each state
Southern states had to:
1-declare secession null and void
2-abolish slavery
3-cancel all war debts
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Johnson’s Plan SS8H6c
“Lenient”
Many Confederate officials/soldiers pardoned
Two high ranking CSA officials (Stephens included) were thereby elected to represent GA in the U.S. Senate which outraged Republicans
Followed Lincoln’s lenient policies for Reconstruction
Ratify 13th Amendment
Declared Reconstruction complete quickly
Took a lot of “heat” for this process which led to his impeachment
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Radical Republicans’ Plan SS8H6c
“Punish”
Wanted to “Punish” the South for the Civil War
South occupied by U.S. Military Divided into districts (GA,
FLA, and AL were 3rd district)
14th and 15th amendment ratified RR were upset about
“Black Codes”
14th/15th Attempting to force the South into more fair treatment for blacks
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13th Amendment SS8H6c
13th-“Freedom”
This amendment officially abolished slavery or involuntary servitude unless it is punishment for a crime.
1st of the Reconstruction amendments
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14th Amendment SS8H6c
14th “Citizenship”
Overruled Dred Scott case and provided a new definition of citizenship
Helped to enforce the 13th amendment
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15th Amendment SS8H6c
15th- Voting Rights
Prohibits taking away any person’s right to vote b/c of race, color, or previous condition of servitude
Southerners would find a new way to take away voting rights…
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Black Legislators SS8H6c
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Black men participated in GA politics for the 1st time between (1867-1876) 32 Black legislators elected in 1867
Whites were outraged and used KKK to intimidate Most black legislators were
harassed constantly
One quarter of the black legislators were killed, threatened, beaten, or jailed. Soon… blacks were LEGALLY
disfranchised and would not have representation in General Assembly again until 1962
Tunis Campbell
Henry McNeal Turner SS8H6c
Henry McNeal Turner- Helped to organize GA Republican party
during Reconstruction Born free (1834), had worked for a law firm,
very intelligent
One of many black legislators expelled from General Assembly by whites The most prominent of the Black legislators
who were elected in 1867
Later became AME bishop Travelled throughout South preaching
revivals for AME church
Led a “Back to Africa” emigration movement (1895, 1896) but most came back to U.S.A. quickly
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Ku Klux Klan SS8H6c Secret oath-bound
organization using terroristic tactics to intimidate Kuklos- ”circle”, Clan- “family” Began in TN in 1867 mostly as a
social club for Confederate Veterans but progressively became more violent
Used beatings, lynching, intimidation, and scare tactics to establish social & political control over blacks Successful in their goal of bringing
Democrats back to power.
Watched ballots as they were cast at the polls Disbanded around 1871,
resurfaced again in 1915 with a ceremony atop Stone Mountain
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KKK Political Cartoon
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KKK Political Cartoon
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Intimidation SS8H6c
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Impact of Reconstruction SS8H6c
In your interactive notebook:
Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states
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Ku
Klux
Klan
Henry
McNeal
Turner
15th
Amendment
14th
Amendment
13th
Amendment
Reconstruction
Plans
Freedmen’s
Bureau
Sharecropping
Tenant
Farming
Analyze the impact of
Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern
states
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Summary Discussion-SS8H6c
Can you answer the EQ now? (H6c)
Essential Question:
How did Reconstruction efforts and policies impact Georgia and other southern states?
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Remember: THE BIG IDEA
SS8H6: The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia
Analyze- to divide a complex idea into parts or elements (dissect, break down)
Griffith-GA Studies