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UNIT 5 – POST WAR ERA
United Nations, Cold War, Immigration
Emerging from the War
League of Nations set up after WWI did not work to stop the onset of WWII
What did they do that failed? Thought they would stop wars by using economic
sanctions, but members didn’t want to trade with aggressive nations
Didn’t use troops to defend against threats Didn’t include all of the world’s powerful nations Mostly ignored by 1936, most nations wouldn’t
support its actions without deliberation
Finding a Solution
People around the world were motivated to make an organization that protected human rights & dignity because of the horrors of the Holocaust
In the summer of 1945, fifty nations met at San Francisco to set up a new organization Created the United Nations Included all the world’s major powers U.S. committed and headquarters were in New York
City Founding members committed to world peace &
security, economic development and human rights
United Nations
How did the organization operate? Permanent members of the council must agree to make
decisions (US, Soviet Union, China, Britain, France) They each have a veto power to prevent actions from
taking place if they don’t agree
Important institutions were also created as part of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
(UNICEF) World Health Organization (WHO) Forum on Indigenous Issues
Olive branches symbolize peace
Commitment to Human Rights In 1946, Canadian law expert John
Peters Humphrey established the United Nations Human Rights Division Prepared a statement of human rights December 10, 1948, UN adopted the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Used as basic principles or law in many countries
Open your books to p. 177 articles
The Cold War
United States and Soviet Union emerged as superpowers from the war, but had very different ideas about how their countries should be run and this lead to conflicts
Soviet troops were not withdrawn from Eastern Europe after WWII
Communist-controlled governments occupied a wide area of territory between SU and democratic Western Europe
Joseph Stalin (leader of Soviet Union) wanted to expand communism and protect his country from invasion through Western Europe
The Cold War
Dividing line between democratic countries and communist countries is called the Iron Curtain Relations between US and
Soviet Union turned into the Cold War Would use any mean necessary,
except battling with each other, to become the world's supreme leader threats, spies and propaganda
The Cold War
To prevent the Soviet Union from taking over other nations to spread communism, the United Nations Security Council put in place a policy of containment to stop the Soviet Union 1949: Canada joined with US and Western European Allies
(Britain, France) to form North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) collective security agreement Would protect each other if attacked Stationed troops and air force squadrons in Europe
In 1955, Soviet Union and communist Eastern Europe organized into its own alliance called the Warsaw Pact Also set up troops and air force squadrons to protect
themselves
Canadians in the Cold War
Since WWII, Canada has been under pressure to cooperate with the U.S. to defend North America we had joint developments like the Alaskan highway
The Soviet Union exploded a nuclear bomb in 1949 Cold War fears were raised to a new level A new Arms Race began to build more powerful nuclear weapons
Joint Defense Agreement of 1950 that combined the resources of Canada and the United States
Americans were given permission to use Canadian airspace to intercept incoming missiles and planes Shortest route to Soviet Union was over North Pole and Canadian
Arctic
Canadians in the Cold War
By 1953, the US and Soviet Union had developed the hydrogen bomb More powerful than the first nuclear bombs Canada and the US worked together to create radar stations
to detect planes and missiles coming from the Soviet Union Canada decided not to develop nuclear weapons
In 1957, the Soviet Union used a rocket to launch the first satellite, Sputnik 1, into space Nuclear weapons could be fired with large missiles rather
than aircraft ballistic weapons with nuclear warheads Soviet missiles could reach American cities in just 30
minutes
Canadians in the Cold War
Also in 1957, the North American Air Defence Command (NORAD) was formed Joined Canadian and American radar, fighter jets,
missile units under a single command to defend North America
Headquarters were in Colorado and base built in North Bay, ON
Problems: Canada was a “junior” partner In an attack, the General didn’t have to talk with a
Canadian official to intercept enemies
How Did Canadians Feel?
Nationalists thought we had given up too much control of our military forces to the US Canada should be more independent
Others thought our own military wouldn’t be able to protect us enough Good thing to work with allies like the US and Western Europe to
improve security
People were also concerned about nuclear weapons at NORAD bases
Lastly, people were concerned about a nuclear attack and nuclear fallout Radioactive dust created by atomic bombs Contaminates air, land and water and can poison people long after
exposure; cancer and birth deformities are examples of health risks
How Did We Prepare?
Schools practiced air raid drills (students huddle under desks)
Nuclear fallout shelters were built (“Diefenbunker” for Prime Minister Diefenbaker; built near Ottawa for key government officials)
Cold War Conflicts
Create the following chart in your notes and, working with a partner, complete the questions…
QUESTIONS KOREAN WAR SUEZ CRISISWho was fighting (for and against)
Where were they fighting?
Why were they fighting?
When did the event take place?
What was the outcome?
Canadian Contribution (casualties?) and importance
Korean War
QUESTIONS KOREAN WAR
Who was fighting (for and against)
Canada, the U.S., Britain and 11 other countries fought North Korea, China and Soviet Union (just as a supplier)
Where were they fighting?
South Korea
Why were they fighting?
North Korea wanted to take over South Korea to expand communism
When did the event take place?
Fighting started in 1949, Canada arrived in late 1950
What was the outcome?
In 1953, a truce was called and the border was drawn almost where it was at the beginning of the war (DMZ now present along border)
Canadian Contribution (casualties?) and
importance
27 000 Canadians served, 1200+ wounded and 516 killed
Important contribution in peacemaking
Suez Crisis
QUESTIONS SUEZ CRISIS
Who was fighting (for and against)
Britain, France & Israel were fighting with Egypt
Where were they fighting?
Egypt, Suez Canal
Why were they fighting?
The canal between Africa and Asia was made by private investors in the late 1800s as a shipping shortcut between Europe and Asia
Region dominated by Britain & France when the canal was built, but by 1956, Egypt was an independent nation and President Nasser took over the canal which angered Britain and France
When did the event take place?
1956
What was the outcome?
Egypt agreed to pay for use of the canalLester Pearson given Nobel Peace Prize in 1957 gave to Canada
Suez Crisis
QUESTIONS SUEZ CRISIS
Canadian Contribution (casualties?) and
importance
Canada (Lester B. Pearson) came up with a plan to send an international peacekeeping force to defuse the conflict• United Nations: supported Canada's plan• United States: would step in if the Soviet Union interfered• Soviet Union: wanted influence with African nations by defending
Egypt• Israel: wanted to resist expansion by neighbouring Arab states (Egypt)• Britain/France: take back control of canal paid by their investors• Egypt: take control of its own territory, collect tolls from canal use
Emergency Force (UNEF) set up• Included 1000 Canadians, shooting only if attacked• Became the model for future peacekeeping missions
* Beginning of Canada's record of peacekeeping missions* Canada was willing to make a foreign policy decision that opposed Britain
Population Explosion
Within 15 years after the war ended, Canadian population increased by 50% 12 million to 18 million
Accounted for by immigration and the baby boom
Immigration
Two million people came to Canada between 1945 and 1960 World War II, politics, unemployment: PUSH FACTORS New life, economic opportunities: PULL FACTORS
Applicants from Britain, countries in the British Commonwealth, Western Europe and United States favoured at first Policy changed in 1946 because of large number of displaced
people in Europe
Began to accept refugees (people left homeless because of war and political changes) Between 1947 and 1952, 186 000 refugees moved to Canada Many were Holocaust survivors reversed ruling that limited the
number of Jews allowed into the country
Immigration
Periods of peak immigration: 1945-1952 European refugees, war brides
and children coming back with Canadian soldiers, immigrants
1952-1960 economic migrants looking for a better life, 38 000 Hungarians fleeing from anti-communist revolution (1957) Slowed down after 1958 because the economy slowed
Challenges faced by immigrants included: Loneliness, fear, language barriers
Baby Boom
Rapid increase in births between 1946 and 1965
Social and economical factors: Couples wed early (twenties) and started families right
away Post-war couples young still enough to have children Canadian economy boomed for long period after the war
could clothe and feed many young children much easier
Almost 9 million children were born between 1946-1965 Death rate was declining (better economy and health
care) so the population increased rapidly
Popular Culture in the 1950’s In the 1950’s, a new creature appeared in the
cultural scene the teenager 1.6 million Canadians aged 15-19 in 1955
Teenagers had spending allowances and part-time jobs 70% had own bank accounts Gave them “buying power”
Spent about $100 million a year Could spend on things that they liked
Bought more than 4 million records a year
Popular Culture in the 1950’s Developed their own style and music tastes
Girls: hair in pony tails, wore poodle skirts & bobby socks Boys: hair slicked back (“greasers”), jeans, t-shirts Music: rock n’ roll, R & B Movie Icons: rebellious men and sexy women predominant
Popular Culture in the 1950’s The Young
http://www.cpac.ca/forms/index.asp?dsp=template&act=view3&pagetype=vod&hl=e&clipID=5222
The Good Life http://www.cpac.ca/forms/index.asp?dsp=t
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The Big Picture http://www.cpac.ca/forms/index.asp?dsp=t
emplate&act=view3&pagetype=vod&hl=e&clipID=5234
Popular Culture in the 1950’s
QUESTIONS TEENS IN THE 1950s
TEENS TODAY
Style of Dress
Music Listened To
Movies Enjoyed
Technology Available
Level of Education
Parents’ Opinion
* Create a chart in your notes, and complete it with a partner!