UNIT 6: THE MIDDLE AGES

QUIZLET L INK HTTP : / /QU IZLET.COM/_GNVHE

Textbook pages:

287-307, 269-278, 317-361

Jarrett pages: 141-150, 103-118

1. What were the political, economic and cultural developments in Tang and Song China?2. What caused the formation of medieval society in Europe and what eff ects did this development have on civilization?3. What role did Christianity play in the development of Medieval Europe?4. What changes brought about the end of the medieval Era in Europe?5. What were the main characteristics of the Byzantine Empire?6. What were the eff ects of the Mongol invasions?

CONCEPT QUESTIONS

From: River Valley CivilizationsTo Classical Greek & Persian civilizations

To Roman & Han civilizations To the Rise of Islam

To the Middle Ages or Medieval Period 500 -1500

To: the RenaissanceScientifi c Revolution, Enlightenment

Age of Democratic Revolutions

Progress Check: What have we learned? What’s next?

You Are Here

Tang/Song China“The Golden Age”

Tang

•Expanded China to former Han glory• Borders extended north to Manchuria, south to Vietnam,

east to Aral Sea• Korea, Japan and Vietnam influenced as a tributary states

•Expanded trade on the Silk road and completed the Grand Canal

• Buddhism spread to Japan, Korea and Vietnam through trade •Brought back the bureaucracy based on exams, created an intelligent and capable governing class (whose model?)•Rise in urbanization•Decline in status of women•Golden Age of Art (same time as Islamic Golden Age)•Success of Tang lasted until mid 700’s

• Philosophy combined Taoist and Buddhist elements with Confucianism

• Lost control of their vast empire - Invaded and finally overthrown

SONG• Smaller empire, but more

stable• Eventually lost control of

northern China – rule limited to the South

• Southern China becomes a prosperous empire• Introduced fast growing

rice from Vietnam – created food surplus

• Vast cities

JAPAN Infl uenced by Tang/Song Adopted Confucianism &

Buddhism Developed feudalism

Shoguns, samurai

SONG DYNASTY/JAPAN

TANG/SONG ACHIEVEMENTS

China became the most populous country in the world

Technological Advances – math, science, arts

• Block printing - Moveable type• Gunpowder• Porcelain• Mechanical clock• Paper money• Magnetic compass – led to Chinese

exploration

CHINESE SOCIETY

Gentry• New class of people, wealth based on civil service and

education• Many became wealthy enough to own landMiddle Class - Merchants, skilled workers

Laborers, PeasantsWomen• Upper class women became more subservient

• Wealth enabled men to have a wife of beauty but was impractical

• They were crippled with foot binding• Must obey men• Divorce allowed if both agreed• Could inherit land upon husband’s death

• Peasant women were valued for work since they helped farm for their family’s food

FOOT BINDING

MONGOL INVASION:

Rise of Moscow

                                

                                                             

MONGOL CONQUESTS

Created the world’s largest land-based empire

Controlled trade along the Silk Road

Guaranteed safety of traders, period of stability – Pax Mongolica

Movement across the steppe controlled by climate.

Nomadic clans-Membership in clan determined by ancestry.

United under Genghis Khan

Organized

Strategist

New weapons/technology (catapults, gun powder)

cruelty

Rise of Russia

Mongols had absolute power Practice later copied by Russian rulers

Russian culture allowed to flourish as long as tribute paid to Mongols

(attacked/demolished Kiev)Demanded slavish obedience and massive tribute (taxes)

Pay or die

Isolated from Western Europe Prevented the spread of new ideas and inventions Behind Europe in developingMoscow rises as a major trade cityAncestor Ivan III claimed title of Czar (Caesar)Ivan IV stopped tribute to Mongols, ended in bloodless standoff to emerge as independent from Mongols

CHINA

Ogadai

Immediately following his fathers death, conquered northern China

Kublai Khan

Conquered southern China, united it

Yuan dynasty

Political stability

Islamic government offi cials replaced bureaucracy

Opened China to foreign traders

Marco Polo

Visited and was sent on missions

Stories of China put in book that most Europeans believed was fantasy

Chinese technologies spread to Europe – led to exploration

ISLAM

Hulagu (grandson of Genghis)

Captured Baghdad – ended the Abbasid dynasty

Many Mongols converted to Islam

Poor administration of the conquered lands eventually leads to the rise of the Ottomans (Unit 5)

Decline of Mongol Empire ends the post-classical period

End of major nomadic empires

MING CHINA

Ming China (1368-1644)

Hongwu (1st Emperor) –drove Mongols out in 1368• Built magnificent palace – Forbidden city• Influenced world trade• Imported silver in return for Chinese goods• Controlled the world’s silver supply – considered

foreign goods inferior• High demand for silver funded European wars but

caused severe inflation

Yonglo- sent out 7 voyages of world exploration: 1405 - 1433

Voyages of Zheng He:• Huge ships –to impress the world & collect more tribute

• Some Chinese nobles resented the waste of resources and the voyages were stopped – China became isolationists

• Gave trade opportunity to Portuguese merchants (European exploration)

• Only govt. allowed to trade – 3 ports only

• China did not industrialize, preferring old ways and placing a higher value on agriculture rather than manufactured goods

Collapse of Roman Empire leaves power vacuum – Disruption of trade (outlaws!) Downfall of cities (no govt.) Population shifts (return to agriculture) Decline of learning (only priests could read & write – in LATIN!)

Rise of Feudalism Political system – hierarchy between social classes Trading land for loyalty and service Created a type of security

Loss of Roman achievements Loss of a common language: development of Romance

languages from Latin– Italian, French, Portuguese, Spanish English is a Germanic language!

Clovis, adopts Christianity to rule the Franks Monasteries – monks & nuns (educated)

Pope Gregory I –used secular power of church

RESULTS OF THE FALL OF ROME

From Africa into Spain from 711- 1492 & Northward into France until:

Battle of Tours, 732 - defeated by Charles Martel, (Charlemagne’s grandfather)

his military strength established the Carolingian dynasty:

Charlemagne’s Empire

MUSLIM INVASIONS:

Development of Modern Europe

Civil war divided his kingdom into 3 parts:

Treaty of Verdun: 843 Lothair – Central KingdomCharles the Bald – West Frankish Kingdom (France)

Louis the German – East Frankish Kingdom (Germany)

CHARLEMAGNE’S EMPIRE:

Early Medieval Society

The Lord’s estateSelf-contained world

Manors are self-suffi cient, little or no trade

Serfs –could NOT leave the land

Tithe: 1/10th of income – tax to the church

MANORS: THE ECONOMIC SIDE OF FEUDALISM

Warriors on horseback: knightsSaddles & stirrups, & warhorsesPaid fiefs & became vassals to LordsGave 40 days of military serviceEducation of knights:

Page (7)Squire (14) Knight (21)

War games: tournaments (jousts, mock battles)

Real battles: mostly sieges of castles

THE AGE OF CHIVALRY:

Weapons:Siege towersBattering ramsTrebuchetBodies (disease)

CASTLES & SIEGE WEAPONS:

Knights’ Code of Chivalry: Displayed courage & valor in combat Devotion to lord Respect toward women Epic poetry: song by troubadours

Women: viewed by church as inferior to menTheir status declined in Europe

Domestic choresInfant mortality extremely high

Had many children, few survive to adulthoodSome noble women received educations

KNIGHTS & SAMURAI WARRIORS:

Unifying force Religious and social center

Church services Social gatherings Festive celebrations Cared for the sick and poor

Towns competed over the building of large cathedrals

RISE OF THE CHURCH

Cathedrals: Cities of God

ROSE WINDOW

JUSTINIAN CODE: ROMAN LAW

ByzantiumCreated by Emperor Justinian & wife TheodoraAbsolute monarch & head of churchUniform legal code of laws:

Justinian Code in 533•5000 Roman laws written down

CREATING THE IMPERIAL CAPITAL

Massive building projects:Hagia Sophia – proved connection

between church and state

•So beautiful it convinced visiting Russian nobles to adopt Byzantine Christianity

City wall of ConstantinoplePalace expansion, baths, aqueducts, courts, schools, hospitals

HIPPODROME – CHARIOT RACES & CIRCUS ACTS

Often sparked riots by opposing team fans

BYZANTIUM- EDUCATION

boys went to school girls home schooled

to be professors, doctors, mathematicians,

philosophers or historians

Studied classics of Greek & Roman literature

JUSTINIAN’S EMPIREMysterious Plague of Justinian

Why Byzantium

Fell

Street Riots

Palace intrigues

Disease

Rise ofIslam

TheCrusades

Slavs – north of the Black SeaTraded with Greeks, blending of culturesLater, Viking chief becomes their king

Society divided into peasant masses and boyars (nobles)

Princess Olga (city of Kiev) Converted to Christianity

Vladimir (grandson) Sent out teams to investigate the major world religions Report from Byzantium convinced him to become

Orthodox Forced all citizens of Kiev to convert Imported teachers to instruct the new faith

RUSSIANS ADOPT BYZANTINE CULTURE

Kiev marks the first important Russian unified territory

Yaroslav the Wise Son of Vladimir Valued trade – married off daughters and sisters to

create trade alliances Legal code valued property rights over all else

Kievan state declined with his death Divided amongst his sons who fought over the best

territories Sons continued to divide the land so fighting continued Crusades disrupted trade which added to their troubles Mongols invaded

KIEV

Church claimed authority over both political and spiritual aff airs

“The Age of Faith”All Christians were Catholiccanon law – laws of the church applied

to all medieval peoplePunishments: excommunication – banishment from the

churchInterdict – refused sacraments to King’s

country/ people

THE CHURCH IS POWER:

Lay investiture: right to appoint church offi cials – often appointing non-spiritual people to high positions

Henry IV of Germany was excommunicated for appointing bishops

Famous trip to Canossa in 1077 to plead forgiveness –waited 3 days in the snow!

Concordat of Worms – compromise allowed church to appoint bishops, but kings got land

KINGS & POPES FIGHT FOR SUPREMACY

Politics & the ChurchChurch mirrored Feudal Society:

PopeCollege of Cardinals

Patriarchs

Bishops

Abbots & Priests

Monks & Friars

King

Highest Lords

Lesser Lords

Squires & Barons

Knights

Peasants

SPLIT IN THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH

Roman Catholic & Eastern Orthodox – debate over whether icons should be allowed

Patriarch: head of Eastern bishopsIcons: religious images banned by emperorIconoclasts: “icon breakers” destroyed images in churchesExcommunication: outcast from churchEast-West Schism: 1054 the 2 Christian churches split

Thomas Aquinas – semi-theologianBelieved truth came from faith and reasonBelief in universal laws based on reason and independent of government

2 DIFFERENT CHRISTIAN TRADITIONS

Roman Catholic

In LatinPope over churchPope over kingsPriests celibateNo divorce

Eastern Orthodox• In Greek/vernacular• Patriarch is one of group

heading church• Emperor if over patriarch• Priests marry – Bishops may

not• Divorce is OK

THE CRUSADES: HOLY WAR

Causes: economic & religious motives –“sign of the cross” – God’s willGot rid of over abundance of knightsMerchants made money

1st crusade: 1097 to Constantinople & then captured Jerusalem, & crusader states

2nd crusade: lost all to Saladin, Muslim leader

3rd crusade: Richard the Lion-Hearted –truce4th crusade: looted Constantinople, caused

split in the church (Eastern Orthodox v. Catholic)

THE CRUSADES:

Crusades brought western Europeans into contact with Muslim scholars & writers:

“university” –meeting of scholars

Development of Vernacular – everyday language

Dante Alighieri: The Divine Comedy (1321) in Italian Geoff rey Chaucer: The Canterbury Tales (1400) in

English

REVIVAL OF LEARNING:

Better farming methods = more food

3 field system & horses = able to feed more city folks

Guilds: association of people who worked at same occupation

Jews often were the bankers: usury

City government: burghers – town dwellers

TRADE, TOWNS & FINANCES:

Craft specialists: Monopolies

GUILDS: (LIKE UNIONS)

Journeyman

Apprentice

England is invaded by the French – THE NORMAN Conquest:William the Conqueror –1066

Battle of Hastings –

Later Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine to double the size of England’s land in FranceShe is famous for ruling England in his absence

ENGLAND DEVELOPS:

1066

Monarchy: Henry II, two sons-Richard the Lion-Hearted, to brother- John

John ruled from 1199 to 1216:Lost all French lands, called “Lackland”Abused his absolute power (“Robin Hood”)Lost war with his nobles, & forced to give up his

absolute power:

Signed the Magna Carta (Great Charter)

gave Parliament right to make & collect taxesBecame common law – applied to every citizen: protected basic legal & political rights

THE MAGNA CARTA: 1215

Capetian Dynasty ruled in France, 987

Philip II: increased size of France, 1220s

Louis IX: creates strong central govt, 1260s

Philip IV: creates a Parliament called the

“Estates General” & allowed the commoners “Third Estate” to participate

FRANCE DEVELOPS:

Church problems: division –King Philip IV of France weakens Pope’s power

by taking Boniface VIII prisonerPhilip then names a new French Pope who stays

in Avignon, France

Western Schism: the Cardinals name a new Roman Pope – then TWO popes! Split the Roman Catholic church

A CENTURY OF TURMOIL:

John Wycliffe: in England, translated Bible into English so Pope & clergy were not needed for salvation – just JesusDied of stroke, body dug up, burned and thrown in the river

*the church is serious about heresy!

Jan Hus: German, burned for supporting Wycliffe’s ideas, 1415

HERETICS CHALLENGE THE CHURCH:

Bubonic & pneumonic Plague1/3 or more of Europe died“Ring around the rosies”Spread from Asia – along trade routes- by rats/fleas

Think Youtube song!

THE BLACK DEATH

SPREAD OF PLAGUE

The Plague spread quickly

BODIES WERE BURNED, PEOPLE FLED, FAMILIES DESTROYED

The Plague spread quickly

Europe 25 million, *Asia 4 million, *China 35 million

DEATH TOLL:

Peasant revolutionsEnd of serfdomDemand by laborers for higher wagesDue to low number of serfs left alive

SOCIAL RESULTS OF PLAGUE

Fight between French and English over legitimate ruler of France and land

New monarchs had:*greater centralization*fixed national boundaries*stronger representative bodies

Battle of Crecy:English archers win victory w/ longbow,

but France wins war

RESULT OF HUNDRED YEAR’S WAR1337 – 1453

Developing Nationalism

Puts Henry V on throne of France

Won Battle of OrleansBurned by English as witch & heretic

End of Hundred Years’ War = end of Middle Ages

JOAN OF ARC: 1429