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UNIT IUNIT I
ANCIENT WORLD:ANCIENT WORLD:
CIVILIZATIONS AND CIVILIZATIONS AND RELIGIONSRELIGIONS
Elements of Culture:Elements of Culture:
1. Religion1. Religion 2. Means of subsistence2. Means of subsistence 3. Tools, dwellings, clothing3. Tools, dwellings, clothing 4. Forms of art and architecture4. Forms of art and architecture 5. Language5. Language 6. Family6. Family 7. Traditions, beliefs, and laws7. Traditions, beliefs, and laws
VocabularyVocabulary
Anthropology – study of cultural Anthropology – study of cultural development and differences among development and differences among humanshumans
Paleontology – study of life in Paleontology – study of life in prehistoric timesprehistoric times
Prehistory – time before writingPrehistory – time before writing Archaeology – study of artifactsArchaeology – study of artifacts
Early PeoplesEarly Peoples
Paleolithic AgePaleolithic Age Old Stone AgeOld Stone Age Hunters/Hunters/
GatherersGatherers NeanderthalsNeanderthals CromagnonCromagnon Evidence found in Evidence found in
Lascaux, France Lascaux, France and Altimira, and Altimira, SpainSpain
Neolithic Age Neolithic Age New Stone AgeNew Stone Age Farming/villages Farming/villages
Skara Brae, Skara Brae, ScotlandScotland
Tools, wheel, Tools, wheel, plow, specialized plow, specialized weapons, weapons, weaving clothweaving cloth
Characteristics of Characteristics of CivilizationsCivilizations 1. cities1. cities 2. central government2. central government 3. traditional economy3. traditional economy 4. organized religion4. organized religion 5. social classes5. social classes 6. art and architecture6. art and architecture 7. roads, bridges, and other public 7. roads, bridges, and other public
worksworks 8. system of writing8. system of writing 9. specialized jobs9. specialized jobs
Ancient River CivilizationsAncient River Civilizations Egypt – NileEgypt – Nile water for drinking and irrigation left silt that water for drinking and irrigation left silt that
fertilized the landfertilized the land polytheistic – Amon-Re/Osirispolytheistic – Amon-Re/Osiris government – pharaohgovernment – pharaoh social structure pharaoh, priest, nobles, social structure pharaoh, priest, nobles,
craftsman, merchants, farmers, slavescraftsman, merchants, farmers, slaves Contributions – Contributions – 1. science mummification, diagnose illness, 1. science mummification, diagnose illness,
surgery surgery 2. calendar 3. hieroglyphics 4. pyramids2. calendar 3. hieroglyphics 4. pyramids
Mesopotamia – Tigris /EuphratesMesopotamia – Tigris /Euphrates Fertile Crescent; Cradle of CivilizationFertile Crescent; Cradle of Civilization Sumerian Sumerian PolytheisticPolytheistic City-statesCity-states Government - hereditary ruler enforce laws/collected taxesGovernment - hereditary ruler enforce laws/collected taxes Social structure – priests, middle class, peasantsSocial structure – priests, middle class, peasants Economy – tradeEconomy – trade Contributions – wheeled vehicles, irrigations systems Contributions – wheeled vehicles, irrigations systems
cuneiform, ziggurats, algebra and geometry cuneiform, ziggurats, algebra and geometry Assyria Babylon – Hammurabi – lawgiver – Code of Assyria Babylon – Hammurabi – lawgiver – Code of
Hammurabi – 1st written code of law; favored the richHammurabi – 1st written code of law; favored the rich
Indus RiverIndus River
Two main cities – Two main cities – Harappa and Mohenjo-DaroHarappa and Mohenjo-Daro Cities set up in grid patternCities set up in grid pattern FortressesFortresses Granaries to store foodGranaries to store food Plumbing with baths and chutesPlumbing with baths and chutes
China – Hung He / China – Hung He / YellowYellow Middle KingdomMiddle Kingdom
Government – dynastyGovernment – dynasty Social structure – ruling family, nobles, Social structure – ruling family, nobles,
merchants, craftsmen, peasantsmerchants, craftsmen, peasants Religion – polytheistic; yin-yangReligion – polytheistic; yin-yang ContributionsContributions Written Chinese - pictographs and ideographs Written Chinese - pictographs and ideographs
Demography: study of Demography: study of human populationhuman population
Bantu Migrations: originally Bantu Migrations: originally from West Africa, when from West Africa, when Sahara dried up, farmers Sahara dried up, farmers /herders moved south and /herders moved south and east in search of fertile east in search of fertile land > cultural diffusionland > cultural diffusion
Classical Civilizations Classical Civilizations ChinaChina:: Zhou DynastyZhou Dynasty:: Mandate of Heaven – divine right to rule; Mandate of Heaven – divine right to rule;
dynastic cycledynastic cycle FeudalismFeudalism Contributions – 1st book, astrology, calendar, Contributions – 1st book, astrology, calendar,
silksilk Qin DynastyQin Dynasty:: Shi Huangdi-leaderShi Huangdi-leader Centralized gov’t, system of measurement, Centralized gov’t, system of measurement,
national coins, uniform writing, canals and roadsnational coins, uniform writing, canals and roads
China con’t China con’t
Han Dynasty – Golden Age of ChinaHan Dynasty – Golden Age of China:: Emperor WudiEmperor Wudi Contributions – Civil Service Exam, Contributions – Civil Service Exam,
paper, wheelbarrow, reel, rudder, paper, wheelbarrow, reel, rudder, acupuncture, anestesia, acupuncture, anestesia,
Silk RoadSilk Road
IndiaIndia Aryans:Aryans: Contributions – Vedas – sacred writings Contributions – Vedas – sacred writings Mauryan Empire:Mauryan Empire: Chandragupta Maurya – Maurya DynastyChandragupta Maurya – Maurya Dynasty Government with a bureaucracy – Government with a bureaucracy –
collected taxes, built roads and harborscollected taxes, built roads and harbors Asoka – grandson; Asoka – grandson; Spread Buddhismm Spread Buddhismm Contributions – schools, libraries Contributions – schools, libraries
Greece Greece Polis – city state Polis – city state AthensAthens Limited democracyLimited democracy Laws by assemblyLaws by assembly Education for boysEducation for boys
Athens-Sparta Athens-Sparta Common languageCommon language Shared heroes Shared heroes Olympic Games Olympic Games Same gods and religious beliefsSame gods and religious beliefs
SpartaSparta Monarchy Monarchy
Military societyMilitary society Military training Military training
for boysfor boys
GreeceGreece Hellenistic Age/Alexander the GreatHellenistic Age/Alexander the Great Blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, Indian Blend of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, Indian
lifelife Contributions:Contributions: Philosophy – Socrates, Plato, AristotlePhilosophy – Socrates, Plato, Aristotle Literature – Homer – Odyssey and IliadLiterature – Homer – Odyssey and Iliad Medicine – Hippocrates – causes of Medicine – Hippocrates – causes of
illnesses and curesillnesses and cures Science – Archimedes – lever and pulleyScience – Archimedes – lever and pulley Math – Pythagorium Theory and Math – Pythagorium Theory and
GeometryGeometry
Rome Rome Government – RepublicGovernment – Republic Senate patricians – upper house Senate patricians – upper house plebians – lower houseplebians – lower house Pax Romana – 200 years of peacePax Romana – 200 years of peace Contributions – Contributions – Government, Twelve Tables of Law, Government, Twelve Tables of Law, Art and architectureArt and architecture Engineering – roads, bridges, Engineering – roads, bridges,
aqueductsaqueducts
Rise and Fall of Great EmpiresRise and Fall of Great Empires HanHan Strong gov’t Strong gov’t Civil Service Exam Civil Service Exam Strong military under Strong military under
Wudi Wudi Silk Road Silk Road Fall of EmpireFall of Empire High taxes, High taxes, Poor maintenance of Poor maintenance of
roads, canals, invadersroads, canals, invaders
RomeRome Strong gov’t Strong gov’t Civil Service Exam Civil Service Exam
profitable tradeprofitable trade Fall of EmpireFall of Empire Invasions Invasions High taxes, slave High taxes, slave
labor, no middle classlabor, no middle class Corrupt gov’t and Corrupt gov’t and
divided empiredivided empire
Religions/PhilosophiesReligions/PhilosophiesAnimismAnimismLocation Location
World-WideWorld-WideBookBook
None – Oral TraditionsNone – Oral TraditionsBeliefsBeliefs
Nature and Ancestor WorshipNature and Ancestor Worship
JudaismJudaism Founder: AbrahamFounder: Abraham Location: IsraelLocation: Israel Book: Torah/TalmudBook: Torah/Talmud BeliefsBeliefs
–MonotheisticMonotheistic
–Ten CommandmentsTen Commandments
–Worship in synagoguesWorship in synagogues
–Rabbis – Jewish ScholarsRabbis – Jewish Scholars
ChristianityChristianity Founder – JesusFounder – Jesus Location – IsraelLocation – Israel Book – Holy Bible (Old/New Testament)Book – Holy Bible (Old/New Testament) BeliefsBeliefs
– MonotheisticMonotheistic
– Ten CommandmentsTen Commandments
– Salvation/Eternal LifeSalvation/Eternal Life
– Mercy/Sympathy for PoorMercy/Sympathy for Poor
– Worship in Church/PriestsWorship in Church/Priests
IslamIslam Founder – MohammadFounder – Mohammad Location – Arabian PeninsulaLocation – Arabian Peninsula Book – Qur’anBook – Qur’an BeliefsBeliefs
– Five Pillars of IslamFive Pillars of Islam
– Worship in mosquesWorship in mosques
– Caliph - religious leaderCaliph - religious leader
HinduismHinduism Founder – no one personFounder – no one person Location – Indian subcontinentLocation – Indian subcontinent Book – Upanishads, Vedas, Bhagavad GitaBook – Upanishads, Vedas, Bhagavad Gita BeliefsBeliefs
– Polytheistic (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva)Polytheistic (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva)
– Karma/DharmaKarma/Dharma
– Reincarnation > MokshaReincarnation > Moksha
– AhimsaAhimsa
– Caste SystemCaste System
BuddhismBuddhism Founder – Siddhartha GautamaFounder – Siddhartha Gautama Location – IndiaLocation – India Book – Tripitka(Three Baskets of Wisdom)Book – Tripitka(Three Baskets of Wisdom) BeliefsBeliefs
–Four Noble Truths/Eightfold PathsFour Noble Truths/Eightfold Paths
–Reincarnation > NirvanaReincarnation > Nirvana
–Religious Leader – Dalai LamaReligious Leader – Dalai Lama
ConfucianismConfucianism
Founder – Confucius – Kong Fu ZiFounder – Confucius – Kong Fu ZiLocation – ChinaLocation – ChinaBook – The AnalectsBook – The AnalectsBeliefsBeliefs
–Five RelationshipsFive Relationships
–Filial Piety – respect of eldersFilial Piety – respect of elders
TaosimTaosim Founder – Lao TzeFounder – Lao Tze Location – ChinaLocation – China Book – Tao-te-ChingBook – Tao-te-Ching BeliefsBeliefs
–““The Way”The Way”
–Follow nature’s wayFollow nature’s way
–Symbol – Yin-YangSymbol – Yin-Yang