United States Constitutional Law: Theory, Practice, and Interpretation

Dane S. CiolinoA.R. Christovich Professor of LawLoyola University New Orleans

Class 4: Individual Rights and Criminal Procedure

Tuesday, October 8, 2019

United States Constitutional Law: Theory, Practice, and Interpretation

• Introduction• Governmental structure• Individual rights• Enforcing the Constitution• Interpreting the Constitution• The Constitution in action

Individual Rights• The history and theory of individual rights• The United States Constitution’s Bill of Rights

• The First Amendment and freedom of speech• The Second Amendment and the right to bear arms• The Fifth Amendment and the right to just compensation• Constitutional criminal procedure

• The Fourth Amendment and searches and seizures• The Fifth Amendment and the right to remain silent, the right to grand jury indictment, the prohibition against double jeopardy, and the right to due process

• The Sixth Amendment and the right to confront adverse witnesses and to trial by jury• The Eight Amendment and the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment• The Ninth and Tenth Amendments

The Bill of Rights• 1st: Establishment; free exercise; free speech; free press; assembly; petition• 2nd: Bear arms• 3rd: Quartering soldiers in peacetime• 4th: Search and seizure; warrants• 5th: Grand jury indictment; double jeopardy; self‐incrimination; due process; takings

• 6th: Speedy trial; public trial; notice of charges; impartial jury; confrontation; compulsory process; counsel

• 7th: Trial by jury in federal civil cases• 8th: No excessive bail or fines; no cruel and unusual punishment• 9th: Enumeration of rights does not disparage rights retained by people• 10th: Powers not delegated to federal government reserved to States or to people

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Fourteenth Amendment § 1 (1868)

All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

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Selective Incorporation

“Fundamental rights” contained in the Bill of Rights apply to the states including “all the subtleties and refinements born of history and embodied in case experience developed in the context of federal adjudication”—”all of the bag and all of the baggage.”

Criminal Justice Process

The Bill of Rights• 1st: Establishment; free exercise; free speech; free press; assembly; petition• 2nd: Bear arms• 3rd: Quartering soldiers in peacetime• 4th: Search and seizure; warrants• 5th: Grand jury indictment; double jeopardy; self‐incrimination; due process; takings

• 6th: Speedy trial; public trial; notice of charges; impartial jury; confrontation; compulsory process; counsel

• 7th: Trial by jury in federal civil cases• 8th: No excessive bail or fines; no cruel and unusual punishment• 9th: Enumeration of rights does not disparage rights retained by people• 10th: Powers not delegated to federal government reserved to States or to people

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Fourth Amendment

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Fourth Amendment

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

Arrest, Search & Seizure

• Search warrants

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Arrest, Search & Seizure

• Search warrants• Protected Fourth Amendment interests

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Kyllo v. United States (U.S. 2001)

“There's an old saying that a man's home is his castle. I know what I done was wrong. But I know what they're doing is wrong.”

Danny Lee Kyllo

Arrest, Search & Seizure

• Search warrants• Protected Fourth Amendment interests• Probable cause• Warrantless searches and seizures

• Plain view• Search incident to lawful arrest• Automobiles• Inventories• Consent• Administrative inspections• Stop and frisk• Exigent circumstances

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Sixth Amendment

Sixth Amendment

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial by an impartial jury of the state and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

Right to Counsel

• Felony and misdemeanor cases

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Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)

Right to Counsel

• Felony and misdemeanor cases• Waiver• Ineffective assistance of counsel• Conflicts of interest

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Fifth Amendment

Fifth Amendment

No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.

Police Interrogations & Confessions

• Pre‐Miranda doctrines• The Fifth Amendment and Miranda• Miranda’s application

• Custody• Interrogation• Adequate warnings• Waiver• Invocations of Miranda rights

• Post‐Miranda Sixth Amendment law• Post‐Miranda Due Process law

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Rights Regarding Identification Procedures

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Identification Procedures

• The Sixth Amendment• Due Process considerations

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Eighth Amendment

Eighth Amendment

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.