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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
WASAN AHMAD SULIEMAN ALFRAIHAT
FK 2010 48
MULTI-CHANNEL SUPPORT FOR DATA-GATHERING TREES IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
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MULTI-CHANNEL SUPPORT FOR DATA-GATHERING TREES IN
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
BY
WASAN AHMAD SULIEMAN ALFRAIHAT
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, University Putra
Malaysia, in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of
Science
September 2010
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of University Putra Malaysia in
fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science
MULTI-CHANNEL SUPPORT FOR DATA GAHTERING-TREES IN
WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS
By
WASAN AHMAD SULIEMAN ALFRAIHAT
September 2010
Chairman: Mohd. Fadlee A. Rasid, PhD
Faculty: Engineering
In traditional applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), energy
efficiency may be considered to be the most important concern whereas utilizing
the bandwidth and maximizing the throughput are of secondary importance.
However, recent applications, such as structural health monitoring, require high
amounts of data to be collected at a faster rate. Furthermore, it is possible to have
multiple applications running on the same network, especially with some
operating systems for WSNs. This certainly leads to larger amounts of data to be
transmitted in the network and handling the traffic. In general, multi-channel
scheme is widely used in wireless networks, to reduce the interference and to
increase the throughput. Although that current radios support up to 16 channels,
this is not enough to allow all of the nodes which are in the same interference
range to transmit concurrently especially in dense networks. A new multi-channel
duty cycle protocol, known as Adaptive Fast Convergecast MAC (AFC-MAC), is
proposed especially for data gathering tree which combines the staggered wake up
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schedule with the multi-channel approach to reduce the number of competing
nodes in order to get a transmission. AFC-MAC composed of two phases, the
channel assignment phase and the adaptive scheduling phase. The channels are
assigned to the nodes in a way to allow the nodes to send the data packets with a
minimum delay by eliminating the interference with the concurrent transmissions
of the next nodes along the path, and at the same time the nodes consider the
impact of the adjacent channels in the channel assignment decision. This
interference elimination helps the nodes to schedule the next active time-slots
time cycle with a minimum delay to adapt to the network’s high traffic rate. The
two-way data forwarding is supported by the adaptive schedule phase by adopting
a special synchronization mechanism to avoid the contradiction with the sink’s
reports forwarding. One of the multi-channel duty cycle protocols, Path-Oriented
Real Time MAC protocol (PR-MAC) is examined and simulated using the ns2
simulation environment. AFC-MAC is compared with PR-MAC in terms of
Aggregate MAC throughput, delivery ratio, and energy efficiency. Since AFC-
MAC assigns the channels to nodes rather than paths, the convergecast speed and
the throughput has been enhanced. Specifically, the throughput is enhanced 4.784
times to the achieved throughput in PR-MAC, and the delivery ratio in AFC-
MAC has been enhanced 2.242 times compared to PR-MAC.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia Sebagi
memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains
SOKONGAN PELBAGAI SALURAN UNTUK PENGUMPULAN
PEPOHON DATA DALAM RANGKAIAN PENDERIA TANPA WAYAR
Oleh
WASAN AHMAD SULIEMAN ALFRAIHAT
September 2010
Pengerusi: Mohd. Fadlee A. Rasid, PhD
Fakulti: Kejuruteran
Dalam applikasi tradisional Rangkaian Penderia Tanpa Wayar (WSN), kecekapan
tenaga boleh dianggap sebagai ciri terpenting di mana kadar penggunaan jalur
saluran dan pemaksimuman kadar pemprosesan diletakkan di takuk kedua.
Walaubagaimanapun, dalam applikasi terkini, contohnya seperti pemantauan
tunjang kesihatan, memerlukan pengumpulan amaun data yang banyak pada kadar
yang lebih laju. Tambahan pula, adalah mungkin pelbagai applikasi berjalan
serentak dalam rangkaian yang sama, terutamanya dengan beberapa sistem
operasi tertentu untuk WSN. Ini sudah tentunya membawa kepada pemancaran
amaun data yang lebih tinggi melalui rangkaian dan pengelolaan trafik. Secara
umumnya, skim pelbagai saluran digunakan secara meluas dalam rangkaian
penderia tanpa wayar, untuk mengurangkan interferens dan meningkatkan kadar
pemprosesan. Walaupun radio masa kini mampu menyokong sehingga 16 saluran,
namun ini masih tidak mencukupi untuk membenarkan semua nod yang berada
dalam julat interferens memancar secara serentak terutamanya dalam rangkaian-
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rangkaian yang padat. Satu protokol duty cycle pelbagai saluran yang bijak,
Adaptive Fast Convergecast MAC (AFC-MAC), dicadangkan terutamanya untuk
pengumpulan pepohon data yang menggabungkan jadual bangun berperingkat
dengan menggunakan pendekatan pelbagai saluran untuk mengurangkan jumlah
nod yang berlumba-lumba untuk mendapatkan transmisi. AFC-MAC terdiri
daripada dua fasa, iaitu fasa peruntukan saluran dan fasa penyesuaian
penjadualan. Saluran-saluran ini diperuntukkan kepada nod-nod dalam cara yang
membenarkan nod-nod tersebut menghantar peket data dengan kadar pelambatan
minimum dengan menghapuskan interferens melalui transmisi serentak nod-nod
berikutnya sepanjang laluan itu, dan pada masa yang sama nod-nod tersebut
mengambilkira impak terhadap saluran-saluran bersebelahan semasa keputusan
peruntukan saluran dibuat. Penghapusan interferens ini menolong nod-nod
tersebut untuk menjadualkan kitar masa slot-masa aktif yang berikutnya dengan
kadar pelambatan minimum untuk menyesuaikan diri kepada kadar trafik
rangkaian yang tinggi. Penyampaian data dua-hala disokong oleh fasa
penyesuaian penjadualan dengan menggunakan mekanisma sinkronisasi khas
untuk mengelakkan kontradiksi dengan laporan sinki penyampaian. Salah satu
daripada protokol duty cycle pelbagai saluran, protokol Path-Oriented Real Time
MAC (PR-MAC) dikaji dan disimulasi menggunakan persekitaran simulasi ns2.
AFC-MAC dibandingkan dengan PR-MAC dari segi kadar pemprosesan Agregat
MAC, nisbah penghantaran, dan kecekapan tenaga. Memandangkan AFC-MAC
memperuntukkan saluran kepada nod dan bukannya laluan, kelajuan convergecast
dan kadar pemprosesan telah berjaya dipertingkatkan. Secara terperinci, kadar
pemprosesan dipertingkatkan 4.784 kali ganda berbanding dengan kadar
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pemprosesan tercapai oleh PR-MAC, dan nisbah penghantaran dalam AFC-MAC
telah berjaya dipertingkatkan 2.242 kali ganda berbanding dengan PR-MAC.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Dr. Mohd. Fadlee
A. Rasid for his realistic, encouraging, and constructive approach throughout my
masters study and his efforts during supervision of my thesis.
I would like to express my appreciation to my colleagues for understanding and
support during my academic studies.
Finally, I would like to express my thanks to my parents for their love, trust,
understanding, and every kind of support not only throughout my thesis but also
throughout my life.
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I certify that a Thesis Examination Committee has met on (29/9/2010
) to conduct the final examination of Wasan Ahmad Sulieman Alfraihat on his
thesis entitled “Multi-Channel Support For Data Gathering Trees in Wireless
Sensor Networks” in accordance with the Universities and University Colleges
Act 1971 and the constitution of the University Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15
March 1998. The Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Master
of Science in Wireless Communication Engineering.
Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as follows:
Ahmad Fauzi Abas, PhD
Dr. Ing
Department of Computer and Communications Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
University Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Nor Kamariah Noordin, PhD
Associate Professor
Department of Computer and Communications Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
University Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner 1)
Alyani Ismail, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer and Communications Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
University Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner 2)
Farhat Anwar, PhD
Professor
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
International Islamic University Malaysia
Malaysia
(External Examiner)
BUJANG KIM HUAT, PhD
Professor and Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
University Putra Malaysia
Date:
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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of University Putra Malaysia and has been
accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The
members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:
Mohd. Fadlee A. Rasid, PhD
Assistant Professor
Faculty of Engineering
University Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Aduwati Sali, PhD
Assistant Professor
Faculty of Engineering
University Putra Malaysia
(Member)
HASANAH MOHD GHAZALI, PhD
Professor and Dean
School of Graduate Studies
University Putra Malaysia
Date:
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DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations
which have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been
previously, and is not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at University
Putra Malaysia or at any other institution.
WASAN AHMAD SULIEMAN ALFRAIHAT
Date: 29/9/2010
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vii
APPROVAL viii
DECLARATION x
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xvi
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Wireless Sensor Networks 2
1.2 Communication between Wireless Sensor Devices 4
1.3 Problem Statement 7
1.4 Aims and Objectives 8
1.5 Contribution 9
1.6 Thesis Outline 11
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 12
2.1 Capacity Limitations in Wireless Sensor Networks 13
2.1.1 Interference 15
2.1.2 Radio Limited Capabilities 18
2.2 Single-Channel MAC Protocols in WSNs 21
2.3 Multi-Channel MAC Protocols in Ad Hoc Networks 23
2.3.1 Single-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Ad-Hoc
Neworks 25
2.3.2 Multi-Radio Multi-Channel Wireless Ad-Hoc
Networks 30
2.3.3 Comparisons 32
2.4 Multi-Channel Protocols in WSNs 35
2.4.1 Existing Work 36
2.4.2 Comparisons 44
3 METHODOLOGY 47
3.1 Assumptions 47
3.2 Description of the algorithm 48
3.2.1 The Channel Assignment Phase 52
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3.2.2 Adaptive Scheduling Phase 62
3.3 Summary 67
4 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS 69
4.1 Simulation Background 71
4.2 Benchmark Verification 72
4.3 Performance Evaluation 74
4.3.1 Scenario One: Multi-Hop Chain Test 75
4.3.2 Scenario Two: Energy versus Time 77
4.3.3 Scenario Three: Network with Three Uncrossed
Forwarding Paths 83
4.3.4 Scenario Four: Performance Evaluation with
Different System Loads 88
4.4 Summary 91
5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE WORK 93
5.1 Conclusion 93
5.2 Future Work 96
REFERENCES 98
APPENDICES 108
BIODATA OF STUDENT 126