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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
MODIFICATION, PERFORMANCE AND ADAPTATION OF MANUALLY OPERATED TRANSPLANTING AND SEEDING
MACHINES FOR LOWLAND PADDY
MD. SYEDUL ISLAM
FK 1998 12
MODIFICATION, PERFORMANCE AND ADAPTATION OF MANUALLY OPERATED TRANSPLANTING AND SEEDING MACHINES FOR
LOWLAND PADDY
By
MD. SYEDUL ISLAM
Dissertation Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Putra Malaysia
September 1998
This thesis is dedicated to my "BORO MA" , a childless mother, without whose sacrifice, the author could be a fruitless flower.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praises to almighty Allah , the cherisher and sustainer of the world, whose
blessings have enabled the author to complete this project.
The author expresses his s incere appreciation to Assoc. Prof. Ir. Dr Desa
Ahmad, the chairman of the supervisory committee for his active guidance, valuable
advice and generous help during the research work and preparation of this
dissertation. Gratitudes are due to Dr Mohd Amin Mohd Soom and Dr Mohamed Bin
Daud, the members of the supervisory committee for thei r fruitful suggestions and
effective corrections in order to i mprove the quality of the manuscript. A very special
gratitude and thanks are due to Dr Mohammad Abdul Baqui , Head, Farm Machinery
and Postharvest Technology Division , Bangladesh Rice Research Institute to render
valuable suggestions and active guidance as a local supervisor during the field work
in Bangladesh.
A cordial appreciation is due to John Kilgour, Senior Lecturer, Cranfield
University, U. K. for his valuable advice regarding the instrumentation system of the
experiment. A very special thank is extended to Dr T Mizuochi , a J ICA expert, who
had keen interest on the seedling raising experiment in the green house and some
aspects of the design work. even being a man from a non-engineering background.
The author is indebted to Bangladesh Rice Research Institute for approving a
full-time deputation and for providing the support for field work in Bangladesh.
Thanks are due to Mr. Amir Hussain and his team for helping the author in the
fabrication of the machine prototypes. A special appreciation is due to Md.
i i i
Sohorawardi , who worked hard with the author during the field work. The author is
also thankful to some of the fellow colleagues including Md. Taufiqul Islam, Md.
Muzammil Haq , Md. Maqsudur Rahman, Muhammad Nasim, S. M. Rezaul Karim ,
Khandaker Aminul Kabir, Dr D. N. R. Paul , Dr. J. K. Biswas, Md. Enamul Haque, Dr.
Jahan U llah Choudhury, Dr. B. A. A. Mustafi , Md Abul Quasem, Md. Abdullah and
Golam Rabbani for their help in different stages of the experiment.
The author gratefully acknowledges the Malaysian Government for the
financial support under a programme named (MTCP) for the study. Thanks are also
extended to some of the UPM students and fellows viz Dr Md. Abu Saleque, A. H. M.
Razzaque, Dr. Anisur Rahman, Md. Abul Hossain Molla, and others for providing the
author with moral encouragement and homely atmosphere. Special thanks are due to
all the staff of the engineering faculty of UPM for their help in one way or other.
Last but not least, the author is extremely grateful to his parents; wife -
Shahina I slam; daughter - Farah Naz Khan (Lora) and son - Khan Sa bah Saidi
(Simon) for their patience and sacrifice without which this project could never have
been completed.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i i i
LIST OF TABLES .............................. ............. ........................ ............ ........... x
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiv
LIST OF PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
LIST OF SYMBOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xx
ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi
ABSTRAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiv
CHAPTER
I I
INTRODUCTION 1
Transplanting of Paddy ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Direct Seeding of Paddy .... .............. . . ....... . ......................... . . . ...... . 5
Statement of the Problem ... .. . . ................. . . ......... . ............... .......... 6
Objectives of the Study ... ................... .. . ......................... . .... ........ . 7
LITERATURE REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Manually Operated Transplanters ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Japanese Design ............................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Chinese Design ....... ................ ..... ....... ............... ........... ...... 1 0
Coimbatore Design ....... ............... . ..... ............................ . . . . . 1 1
N.I.A.E. Design ... ...... . ....... ............................... .. .................. 1 1
Annapuma 77 . .......... ................ ... .......... ........... ........... .. . ... .. 1 1
Philippine Rice Transplanter ...... .......... ............ . .................. 1 2
Animal Drawn Transplanters ........... ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Power Transplanters . . ........... ........ ... ... ........................ . ................ 1 3
Japanese Design ...... . ................. .. ..... .... .......... . .......... ........ 1 3
Chinese Self-propelled Comb-Type DeSign ... ........ .. . ......... 14
Korean Design ....... . ....................................... ...................... 1 4
Chinese Rice Transplanter i n Thailand ......................... ...... 1 5
Studies i n Pakistan . . ....... .................. ............... . . .......... . . ..... . 1 5
Design and Development i n Other Countries 1 6
v
III
Tractor Mounted Transplanters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
Transplanter Design for Soil Bearing Seedlings ............ ........ . . . . . . 1 8
Test of Transplanters ........ ........ . .. . . . . . . ..... ... . ...................... ........ . . .. 1 9
Testing and Development of Transplanters in Japan ......... 1 9
IRRI Studies ...... ......... . . . . .... . . ......... . . . . .. . . . . ..................... . . . . ... 20
Self-propelled Transplanter Test in I ndia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1
Kinematic Analysis of Planting Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1
Quality of Seedling Mat .. . .... ........ . . . . . . ........ .... ...... ............ . ............ 22
Tilth Characteristics of Puddled Field .... ........... ... . . . . . .. . ..... . . . .. ... .... 22
Direct Seeding of Paddy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . 24
Determinants of Crop Establishment Methods . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Transplanting Vs Wet Seeding Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Factors Influencing the Performance of Seeding Equipment ...... 27
Seed-Related Factors .. . . . ............ ................ . . . ... .. . ..... ... .. ...... 28
Soil-Related Factors . . . . . . . ............. . . . . . .. .......... . . . . . . .. .... . . . ... ..... 29
Mechanical Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . .. ... . . . . .... . . .. .. . . 35
Considerations in Designing a Seed Dri l l .. .. . .............. . . .. . . . ... . .. .. . . . 36
Design of Seed Box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . .. .... ..... ..... .... ............ . . . . .... 37
Physical Characteristics of Seed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ . . . . .... . .. ..... 37
Seed Metering Device . . ...... . ... . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Design Consideration for a Metering Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Flow of Seed or Grain Through an Orifice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Design of Drum Type Seeder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... ..... . . . . .... 42
MATERIALS AND M ETHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
I RRI TR4 Transplanter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
BRRI Modified Transplanter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Modifications of Transplanter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . ....... ..... 46
Picker Assembly . . . . . . . . . .. . .... .......... . . ... . ....... ........... .. . . .... ... .. .. 46
Seedl ing Picker Finger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 50
IRRI TR4 Transplanter Skid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
BRRI Modified Transplanter Skid . . . ... ...... . . .. . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . .. . .... 53
Shearing Strength Measuring Instrument for Seedling Mat . . . . . . . . . 53
The Spring Balance ... . . ..... . . . . . . . . ... . . . .......... . ...... . .... . ...... . . . . . . . . 57
The Spring balance Holder . . . .. . . . . .... . . ........ . ...... . .... . . ..... . .. . ... 57
The Picker Fingers . .............. . ... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
The Picker Holder Assembly ...... . ..... . .. . . . .... . ....... . .. . .... . . . . . .. . . 57
Calibration of Shearing Strength Measuring Instrument . . . . . . 58
vi
Design of Shearing Strength Measuring Rig for Seedling Mat .... 58
The Main Frame ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
The Picker Guider ......... . ... .. . . .. . . ............ . . . . . .. . . ... . ................. 60
The Guider Fixing Bar . . .. . . . . . .. .. . .. .. .... ........ . ........ .. .. . . . ........ .. . 60
The Seedling Mat Holder .... . . . . ...... . . ....... . . . . . . . . . ................... . 60
The Brackets . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
The Base Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
IRRI Designed Drum Seeder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 61
Modification of Drum Seeder ......... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Drum Seeder Tray Housing .............. . . ...... ....... ... .. .... . . . . . . . . . . 62
Drum Seeder Tray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Drum Seeder Metering Device . . . . .. . . .... ...... ..... . . .. ................ 63
BRRI Modified Drum Seeder .. . . . .. . .... . .. ....... ..... . . . . ............. .. . . . .. . . . . . 63
Hardness Measurement of Puddled Field . .. . ........... .. . . ................. 63
Experiment I ........................... . . ......................... . ........................ ... 73
A: Field Test of Transplanters . . .................. . .. ......... . ...... . .. .......... 73
Design of Experiment .. . . . . ... ............. . . . . ........... . .... ... ...... ...... 73
Experimental Procedure . . . . . .... .. . ..... ....... . . . . .. . . . .... .. . .... . . . . . .. . . 74
Seedling Raising in Modified Dapog Bed . ...... ....... .. . . . ... ..... 75
Land Preparation .. . .. . .. . . . . .. . ..... .. . . .. ....... . . . . . .. . ....... . ..... . . . . .. . . .. . 75
Fertilizer Application 77
Water Management . . .. . . . . . . . . ............... . .. ....... . . . . . . ....... . ......... . 78
Weed Control .................. ......... .. . .. .. ... ... .. . . ...... .. . . . .. . ... ......... 78
Insecticide Application ............... . . . . . ........ . . ......... . .. . . . . . ........ .. 78
Parameters Measured . .. . . . .. ............ . . . . . ...... . . . .. ........ . . .. . . . . . . . . 78
Yield Parameters . . ...................... ..... . ... ..... . . . . . ...... .... .... . . . .. . . . 83
B: Determination of Mat and Seedling Parameters for Better Transplanter Performances . . ........ . . . ............ .. ..... .... . . . .... . ........ . 85
Experimental Procedure ..... ...... .. . . . . ........ . . . ..... ... ... . . ............. 85
Effect of Moisture Content on Seedling Mat . . . .. . ........ . .... . . . . 86
Factor 1 : Soil Composition of Seedling Mat . . . . .. .. ........ .... . . . 86
Factor 2: Moisture Content of Seedling Mat While Breaking 87
Factor 3: Seedling Age .. . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Design of Experiment . .. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Design of Seedling Tray ....... . .. . .... ......... .. .......... . . .... .... ........ 88
Soil Preparation ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ....... .. . . ..... .. . . .. ......... . ..... ..... 88
Packing soil M ixture i n Tray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 92
Testing seed Viabil ity . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . 92
Seed soaking and incubating 93
vii
IV
V
Sowing Seeds in Tray .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Nursing Seedling Tray . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Mat conditioning for Moisture Content .......... . . . . . . . . . ............. 94
Cutting Seedling Mat in Rig . . . . . ........... .. .. . . . . ........................ 94
Parameters Measured .. . . . .. . . . . ......... . . . . ...................... . . . . ... . . . 99
Experiment II . . .................. .......... . . . ................ ......................... . . . . . . 1 02
Field Test of BRRI Drum Seeder .. . .................. ............................ 1 02
Design of Experiment . . . . . . . . . . ............ . . . . . . . ........... . ........ . . ..... 1 02
Experimental Procedure ... . . .. . . . ............ . . .. . . ................... . . . ... 1 03
Parameters Measured ...... ... . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . .. . ................. . . .. . 1 04
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 05
Experiment I ..................... ... . . . . . . . . . ..................................... ........... 1 05
A: Test of Transplanters ... . ............................................. . ............ . 1 05
Field Performance of Transplanters ... . ............................... 1 05
Mechanical Performance of Transplanters ......... . . . ............. 1 1 5
The Skid .................... . . ... . . ................................. . . . . ...... 1 1 5
Dragging Force ..................... . . . ... ............. . . ... . ............. 1 1 5
The Seedling Picker ... ............... . . . . . ............ ........... . . . . . . 1 1 6
Field Condition .................................. . ............ ............. 1 1 6
Economic Performance of Different Transplanting Methods 1 20
Cost of Seedling Production .. ............... . ............ . .... . . . . 1 20
Cost of Transplanter Operation .. . . ................. ............. 1 22
Partial Budget Analysis ......... ......... .. . . .................. 1 22
Break-even Analysis ............ ................................ 1 28
B: Determination of Mat and Seedling Parameters for Better Transplanter Performances ......... . ........... . . ............. . . ............. . 1 31
Effect of Moisture on Seedling Mat ... ..... . . . . . ........ . . . . . . . . ........ 1 31
Effect of Seedling Age on Seedling Mat ........ . . . .................. 1 40
Effect of Soil Composition on Seedling Mat Parameters . . . . 1 41
Experiment I I ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... ... . . ... . . . . . ... . ..... . . . . ............ . . . .... ....... 1 49
Field Test of Drum Seeder . ........... . .. . . . ........ . . . .......... . . . . . . ... ...... .. . . . 1 49
Field Performance of Drum Seeder . . ... . .. . . . ........... .............. 1 49
Mechanical Performance of Drum Seeder ......................... 1 54
Cost of Seeding by Different Methods .. . . .......... ........... . . . . .. . 1 56
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 58
Conclusions ........................ ......... ................................................. 1 58
Recommendations .................................. . ....................... .... . . .. . . . .. . 1 60
Future Work .............. ................ . . . .............................................. . . . 1 6 1
viii
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
APPENDICES
A
B
C
o E
F
G
VITA
Basic Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Labour Requirement for Seedling production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cost Calculation for Seedling Raising and Transplanter Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cost Calculation for Seeding and Weeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cost Calculation for Partial Budget Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tables of Break-even Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analysis of Variance Tables for Seedling and Mat Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix
1 63
1 68
1 69
1 73
1 77
1 90
1 94
201
208
21 2
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1 Specifications of I RRI Designed Transplanter
2 Specifications of BRRI Modified Transplanter
3 Specifications of IRRI Designed Drum Type Paddy Seeder
4 Specifications of BRRI Modified Drum Type Paddy Seeder
5 Treatment Combinations of Soil Composition and Moisture Content of Seedling Mat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6 Treatment Combinations of Soil Composition and Seedling Age
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
Physical Properties of Different Ingredients for Raising Seedling in Trays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Meteorological Data During Seedling Quality Experiment . . . . . . . . . .
Meteorological Data During Transplanter Test Experiment . . . . . . . .
Field Performances of Different Transplanting Methods . . . . . . . . . . . .
Working Accuracy Parameters of Different Transplanting Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 2 Crop-Cut Data of The Fields of Different Transplanting Methods
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
Comparative Cost of Seedling Production and Transplanting Different Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partial Budget Analysis Between Machine Transplanting with Wooden Frame Nursery Seedling and Hand Transplanting With Wet Bed Nursery Seedling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partial Budget Analysis Between Machine Transplanting with Bamboo Frame Nursery Seedling and Hand Transplanting with Wet Bed Nursery Seedling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .
Partial Budget Analysis Between Machine Transplanting with Plastic Frame Nursery Seedling and Hand Transplanting with Wet Bed Nursery Seedling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
x
Page
48
48
65
65
89
90
92
96
97
1 07
1 1 1
1 1 4
1 21
1 23
1 24
1 25
1 7
1 8
1 9
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Partial Budget Analysis Between Machine Transplanting with Nylon Rope Nursery Seedling and Hand Transplanting with Wet Bed Nursery Seedling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Partial Budget Analysis Between Machine Transplanting with Plastic Tray Nursery Seedling and Hand Transplanting with Wet Bed Nursery Seedling . ... . . . . ... . . . . ....... .. . . . . .. . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
Rupture Strength of Seedling Mat (N/Cm2) at Different Levels of Moisture Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Soil Bearing Index of Seedling Block at Different Levels of Mat Moisture Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uniformity Index of Seedling Block at Different Levels of Mat Moisture Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Seedling per Block After being Cut from the Mat at Different Levels of Moisture Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rupture Strength of Seedling Mat (N/Cm2) at Different Levels of Seedling Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Soil Bearing Index of Seedling Block at Different Levels of Seedling Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uniformity Index of Seedling Block at Different Levels of Seedling Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of Seedling per Block after being Cut from the Mat at Different Levels of Seedling Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seedling Characteristics at Different Ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Field Performance of Drum Seeder Compared to Hand Broadcasting Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agronomic Characteristics of Crop, 1 8 Days after Seeding by Different Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30 Yield Parameters in the Fields for Different Seeding Methods
31
32
Partial Budget Analysis Between Drum Seeder Seeding and Hand Broadcasting Method for Lowland Rice Cultivation
Assumptions for the Use of BRRI Modified Transplanter
33 Labour Requirement for Seedling Production in Wet Bed Nursery and Hand Transplanting One Hectare of Land
xi
126
127
1 34
1 35
1 36
1 37
1 42
1 43
1 44
1 45
1 46
1 51
1 52
1 53
1 57
1 72
1 74
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41 '
42
43
44
45
46
47
Labour Requirement for Seedling Production in Wooden Frame Nursery and Transplanting by BRRI Transplanter in One Hectare of Land .... . . . ...... . ..... .. . . . . . . .... . .. . . . .............. . .. . . . . ..... . . .... . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .
Labour Requirement for Seedling Production in Bamboo Frame Nursery and Transplanting by BRRI Transplanter in One Hectare of Land . . ...... . . . . ........... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........ .... . . . . . ........ . . . .. . .. .. . . . . . . .. .. . . .
Labour Requirement for Seedling Production in Plastic Frame Nursery and Transplanting by BRRI Transplanter in One Hectare of Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Labour Requirement for Seedling Production in Plastic Tray Nursery and Transplanting by BRRI Transplanter in One Hectare of Land ..... . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. ........ . . .... . . . . . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .... . . . . . .
Labour Requirement for Seedling Production in Nylon Rope Nursery and Transplanting by BRRI Transplanter in One Hectare of Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cost of Seedling Production in Wooden Frame Nursery and Transplanting One Hectare of Land by BRRI Transplanter . . . . . . . .
Cost of Seedling Production i n Bamboo Frame Nursery and Transplanting One Hectare of Land by BRRI Transplanter . . . . . . . .
Cost of Seedling Production i n Plastic Frame Nursery and Transplanting One Hectare of Land by BRRI Transplanter . . . . . . . .
Cost of Seedling Production i n Plastic Tray Nursery and Transplanting One Hectare of Land by BRRI Transplanter . . . . . . . .
Cost of Seedling Production i n Nylon Rope Nursery and Transplanting One Hectare of Land by BRRI Transplanter . . . . . . . .
Cost of Seedling Production in Wet Bed Nursery and Hand Transplanting One Hectare of Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transplanting Cost by BRRI Modified Transplanter with Wooden Frame Nursery Seedling Compared to Hand Transplanting with Wet Bed Seedling . .... . . ... ... . . ....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . ....... . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .
Transplanting Cost by BRRI Modified Transplanter with Bamboo Frame Nursery Seedling Compared to Hand Transplanting with Wet Bed Seedling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transplanting Cost by BRRI Modified Transplanter with Plastic Frame Nursery Seedling Compared to Hand Transplanting with Wet Bed Seedling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xii
1 74
1 75
1 75
1 76
1 76
1 87
1 87
1 88
1 88
1 89
1 89
202
203
204
48
49
50
51
52
53
Transplanting Cost by BRRI Modified Transplanter with Plastic Tray Nursery Seedling Compared to Hand Transplanting with Wet Bed Seedling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transplanting Cost by BRRI Modified Transplanter with Nylon Rope Nursery Seedling Compared to Hand Transplanting with Wet Bed Seedling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cost Comparison of Seeding and Weeding Between Machine and Hand System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analysis of Variance for Rupture Strength (N/Cm2) of Seedling Mat Different Levels of Moisture Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analysis of Variance for Soil Bearing Index of Seedling Block at Different Levels of Mat Moisture Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analysis of Variance for Uniformity Index of Seedling Block at Different Levels of Mat Moisture Content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54 Analysis of Variance for Number of Seedling per Block after being Cut from the Mat at Different Levels of Moisture Content
55
56
57
58
Analysis of Variance for Rupture Strength (N/Cm2) of Seedling Mat at Different Levels of Seedling Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analysis of Variance for Soil Bearing I ndex of Seedling Block at Different Levels of Seedling Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analysis of Variance for Uniformity Index of Seedling Block at Different Levels of Seedling Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analysis of Variance for Number of Seedling per Block after being Cut from the Mat at Different Levels of Seedling Age . . . . . .
xiii
205
206
207
209
209
209
21 0
21 0
21 0
21 1
21 1
Figure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
1 6
1 7
1 8
1 9
20
LIST OF FIGURES
Bulk Density Vs Soil Porosity (Segler 1 976) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship between Root Growth and Soil Cone Index (Source: Kibria, 1 991 ) .. . .. .... . . . . . . . . ...... . . . .. . . . .. . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .
Metering Characteristics of Drum Seeder at Three Seeding Rates Using Pre-Germinated Seeds Incubated for 36 Hours (Bautista, et al. 1 986) . . . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . ... . .
BRRI Modified Transplanter Picker Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . .
I RRI TR4 Transplanter Picker Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRRI Modified Transplanter Picker Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . .
I RRI TR4 Transplanter Skid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BRRI Modified Transplanter Skid .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Shearing Strength Measuring I nstrument for Seedling Mat . . . . . . .
Shearing Strength Measuring Rig for Seedling Mat . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .
Calibration Chart of Shearing Strength Measuring Instrument . .
IRRI Designed Drum Seeder .. . . . . . . .... .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . .
BRRI Modified Drum Seeder with Seed Tray Assembly . . . .. .. . . . . .
Modified Drum Seeder Tray Housing . . . ... . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .... . . ... . . .... . . . . .
Modified Drum Seeder Tray . . . . . ...... . . . . ... . . .. . ..... . . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
Drum Seeder Metering Device . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .
Cone Penetrometer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Layout Plan of Transplanter Test Experiment . . ......... . . ...... . . . . . .. . .
Layout Plan of SxM Combinations for Mat and Seedling Parameter Experiment . . . . ... . ... . . . . ......... . . . ... . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . .
Layout Plan of SxA Combinations for Mat and Seedling Parameter Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xiv
Page
30
35
43
49
51
51
52
54
55
56
59
66
67
68
69
70
72
73
89
90
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
Proposed Seedling Tray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Layout Plan of Drum Seeder Test Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship between Dragging Force and Load of Transplanter at Straight Pull ing Condition in 2-3 em Water Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship between Dragging Force and Load of Transplanter at Straight Pull ing Condition in Less Than 2 em Water Depth .. ,
Relationship between Dragging Force and Load of Transplanter at Headland Turning in 2-3 em Water Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship between Dragging Force and Load of Transplanter at Headland Turning in Less than 2 em Water Depth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Depth of Cone Penetration at Different Parts of the Transplanter Test Field . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Depth of Hard Pan at Different Parts of the Transplanter Test Field . .. .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transplanting Cost by BRRI Modified Transplanter with Wooden Frame Nursery Seedl ing Compared to Hand Transplanting with Wet Bed Seedling in Different Levels of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transplanting Cost by B RRI Modified Transplanter with Bamboo Frame Nursery Seedling Compared to Hand Transplanting with Wet Bed Seedling in Different Levels of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transplanting Cost by BRRI Modified Transplanter with Plastic Frame Nursery Seedling Compared to Hand Transplanting with Wet Bed Seedling in Different Levels of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transplanting Cost by BRRI Modified Transplanter with Nylon Rope Nursery Seedl ing Compared to Hand Transplanting with Wet Bed Seedling in Different Levels of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transplanting Cost by BRRI Modified Transplanter with Plastic Tray Nursery Seedling Compared to Hand Transplanting with Wet Bed Seedling in Different Levels of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship between Moisture Content and Rupture Strength of Seedling Mat . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship between Moisture Content and Soil Bearing I ndex of Seedling Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship between Moisture Content and Uniformity Index of Seedling Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xv
91
1 02
1 1 7
1 1 7
1 1 8
1 1 8
1 1 9
1 1 9
1 29
1 29
1 30
1 30
1 31
1 38
1 38
1 39
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
Relationship between Moisture Content and Number of Seedling per Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship between Seedling Age and Rupture Strength of Seedling Mat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship between Seedling Age and Soil Bearing Index of Seedling Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship between Seedling Age and Uniformity Index of Seedling Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship between Seedling Age and Number of Seedling per Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship between Pull ing Force and Load of Drum Seeder with Straight Pull ing Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Relationship between Pull ing Force and Load of Drum Seeder with Headland Turning Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cost Comparison of Seeding and Weeding Between Machine and Hand System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xvi
1 39
1 47
1 47
1 48
1 48
1 55
1 55
1 56
Plate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1 0
1 1
1 2
1 3
1 4
1 5
LIST OF PLATES
I RRI Designed Transplanter
B RRI Modified Transplanter
IRRI Designed Drum Seeder
BRRI Modified Drum Seeder
Putting Mud on Plastic Sheet in a Dapog Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pressing Seed i n a Dapog Bed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dapog Seedlings are Ready for Transplanting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ingredients for Raising Seedling in Tray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determination of Seedling Quality by Colour Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rupture Strength Measurement of Seedling Mat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determination of Seedling Block Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Field Operation of Drum Seeder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crop Stand after 1 5 Days of Transplanting by IRRI Designed Transplanter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crop Stand after 1 5 Days of Transplanting by BRRI Modified Transplanter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Crop Stand after 1 5 Days of Hand Transplanting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xvii
Page
47
47
64
64
76
76
77
95
95
98
98
1 04
1 1 2
1 1 2
1 1 3
LIST OF SYMBOLS
a intercept for wet seeding model
f3 estimated parameter coefficient for wet seeding model
t5 estimated parameter coefficient for wet seeding model
() estimated parameter coefficient for wet seeding model
p bulk density (kg/m3)
T shear strength ( KN/m2)
() compressive strength ( KN/m2)
rp angle of internal friction of soil (degree)
<p angle of repose (degree)
e cone included angle (degree)
@ at the rate of
A area (ha)
B diameter of orifice (mm)
c soil cohesion ( KN/m2)
d average diameter of spherical particle (mm)
D depreciation ( US$lyr)
d1 major diameter of spherical particle (mm)
d2 minor diameter of spherical particle (mm)
Ef field efficiency (%)
F shearing force (N )
g acceleration due to gravity
ha hectare
hr hour
total interest (US$)
interest rate (%)
Kg Kilogram
length of box (m)
L expected economic life of a machine (Yr)
m mass
P purchase price of a machine (US$)
xviii
Q flow rate of agricultural produce (gm/min)
R replication
R2 coefficient of determination
Rm repair and maintenance cost (US$/Yr)
rm repair and maintenance charge (% of P )
Rs rupture strength (N/cm2)
S salvage value
Sb volume of soil block (cm3)
Se effective field capacity (ha/hr)
Si soil bearing index
Sib volume of ideal soil block (cm3)
St theoretical field capacity (ha/hr)
Tk Bangladesh currency (TAKA)
TI non-productive time
Tp productive time
Tup yield shear strength of unpuddled soil
Ui uniformity index
US$ US dollar
V total volume of sample (cm3)
Ve effective operating speed ( Kmlhr)
Vs volume of settled soil (cm3)
Vt theoretical operating speed ( Kmlhr)
Wb weight of soil block (gm)
We effective working width (m)
Wib weight of ideal soil block (gm)
Wt theoretical working width (m)
X independent variable
Z dependent variable
xix
AAAE
AMA
BAU
BRRI
CRS
cv
DF
DMRT
DP
FAa
FC
G. I .
lAM
IRRI
J ICA
LSD
M.S.
MS
MTCP
N. I .A.E
ns
aDA
PAU
PI
PPC
RCB
S. E.D
SS
UPM
VC
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Asian Association of Agricultural Engineering
Agricultural Mechanisation in Asia, Africa and Latin America
Bangladesh Agricultural University
Bangladesh Rice Research Institute
Cold Ro"ed Steel
coefficient of variation
Degree of Freedom
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
Degree of Puddle
Food and Agricultural Organization
Fixed Cost
Galvanized I ron
Institute of Agricultural Machinery
I nternational Rice Research Institute
Japan International Cooperation Agency
Least Significant Difference
M ild Steel
Mean of Squares
Malaysian Technical Cooperation Programme
National Institute of Agricultural Engineering
not significant
Overseas Development Agency
Punjab Agricultural univers ity
Puddling Index
Phi lippines Packing Corporation
Randomized Complete Block
Standard Error Difference
Sum of Squares
University Putra Malaysia
Variable Cost
xx
Abstract of dissertation presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfi lment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
MODIFICATION, PERFORMANCE AND ADAPTATION OF MANUALLY OPERATED TRANSPLANTING AND SEEDING MACHINES FOR
LOWLAND PADDY
By
MD. SYEDUL ISLAM
September 1 998
Chairman : Associate Prof. Dr. I r. Desa Ahmad
Faculty : Engineering
An experiment was conducted for improvement of the 6-row manually
operated rice transplanter designed by Intemational Rice Research I nstitute ( IRRI ) to
be adapted in the rice producing countries. After modification, a 5-row prototype was
developed at the Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) , and both transplanters
were evaluated and compared with hand transplanting method. A supplementary
experiment was conducted to identify the optimum quality of the seedling mat for an
improvement of the transplanter performance. Another experiment was conducted to
improve the performance of IRRI designed drum seeder for lowland paddy. The
machine was evaluated and compared with the hand seeding method.
The wooden skid of the IRRI transplanter was replaced by a skid made of G.!.
sheet in BRRI transplanter which made it durable, l ight weight and incurred less
sl iding resistance. As a result, the dragging force for modified transplanter was
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reduced by 30% compared to the previous prototype. The circular configuration of the
picker finger of IRRI transplanter was modified to a semi-circular one which
improved its cutting action .
The effective field capacities of IRRI transplanter, BRRI transplanter and the
hand transplanting methods were 0.01 55 halhr, 0.0191 halhr and 0.0023 halhr
respectively. As a result, a 20% increase in working capacity was achieved with
BRRI transplanter over IRRI transplanter. The field efficiencies of IRRI and BRRI
transplanters were 76.83% and 78.90% which were simi lar, but that of hand
transplanting method was 91 .40% which was significantly higher than those of
machine transplanting. Seedling per hi l l in machine transplanting was significantly
higher than hand transplanting method due to excessive seedling density in the
nursery. The missing hi l ls i n IRRI and BRRI transplanters were 3 .81% and 3 .66%
respectively which were mostly identical but in case of hand transplanting method,
the missing hi l l was ni l . The rice yields from the fields planted by IRRI , BRRI and
hand transplanting methods were not significantly different at 5% level.
An instrumentation system was developed to measure the rupture strength of
seedling mat. After investigation , it was found that the rupture strength has an inverse
relationship with the mat moisture content. The average values for the rupture
strengths at saturation (45-50%) , intermediate (30-35%) and friable range (20-25%)
moisture contents were 3.21 N/cm2, 4.21 N/cm2 and 8.25 N/cm2 respectively. The
seedling mat with silty clay loam soil at a moisture content of 30-35% dry basis,
produced the maximum value for soil bearing index (0.84) which was found better for
crop establishment. The addition of saw dust to the mat soil decreased soil cohesion
and consequently decreased the soil bearing index of the seedling block which was
not helpful for crop establishment.
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The cost of seedling production for 1 ha of land in the wooden frame,
bamboo frame, plastic frame and nylon rope nurseries were l imited to US$27.00 but
in case of plastic tray that was US$4S.00. However, for the wetbed nursery it was
only US$1 9.00 per ha. The partial budget analyses indicated that machine
transplanting with wooden frame, bamboo frame, plastic frame and nylon rope
nursery seedlings produced the net benefits of US$1 3.48, US$1 9.46, US$1 6.0S and
US$26.61 per ha respectively compared with hand transplanting method. On the
other hand machine transplanting with plastic tray seedling incurred a net loss of
US$3S.20 per hectare compared to the cost of hand transplanting with wetbed
nursery seedling ( US$93. 1 8 per ha). The break-even use levels per year of machine
transplanting with wooden frame, bamboo frame, plastic frame and nylon rope
nursery seedlings were 2.0 ha, 1 .6 ha, 1 .8 ha and 0.7 ha respectively and that with
tray seedling was 1 3.00 ha.
The problem of unwanted seed dropping at the headland with the existing
seeder was solved by incorporating a seed collector assembly which saved 5-7 kg of
seed per hectare. The partial budget analysis revealed that by using drum type
seeder and a rotary type weeder, a farmer could earn a net benefit of US$53.34 per
hectare compared to hand seeding followed by hand weeding. The break-even
analysis indicated that if a farmer has only 0.3 hectare of land, he could economically
afford a drum type seeder and a rotary type weeder.
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Abstrak dissertasi yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi syarat keperluan untuk ijazah Doktor Falsafah.
PENGUBAHSUAIAN, PRESTASI DAN PENYESUAIAN MESIN-MESIN PENANAM DAN PENABUR BENIH YANG BEROPERASI SECARA
MANUAL UNTUK PADI SAWAH
Oleh
MD. SYEDUL ISLAM
September 1 998
Pengerusi : Prof. Madya I r. Dr. Desa Ahmad
Fakulti : Kejuruteraan
Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk melakukan peningkatan terhadap
mesin penanam 6-baris yang beroperasi secara manual oleh Institusi Penyelidikan
Padi Antarabangsa ( IRR I ) untuk disesuaikan di negara-negara pengeluar padi.
Selepas pengubahsuaian , satu prototaip 5-baris telah dimajukan di Institusi
Penyelidikan Padi Bangladesh (BRRI ) dan kedua-dua alat penanam telah dinilai dan
dibandingkan dengan kaedah pemindahan tangan. Satu eksperimen tambahan telah
dijalankan untuk mengenalpasti kualiti hamparan anak benih yang optimum untuk
meningkatkan prestasi alat penanam tersebut. Kajian juga telah dijalankan untuk
meningkatkan prestasi drum menabur benih rekaan IRRI untuk padi tanah rendah.
Mesin in i telah dini lai dan dibandingkan dengan kaedah semaian tangan.
Papan gelincir kayu alat penanam IRRI itu telah digantikan dengan alat
gelincir yang diperbuat daripada kepingan nipis G. I dalam alat penanam BRRI yang
menyebabkannya tahan ,ringan dan kurang rintangan gelongsor. Akibatnya, daya
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