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University Mental Health Research Institute University Mental Health Research Institute
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
EMCDDA TDI Expert Meeting22-23 September 2004
Katerina KontogeorgiouMaria Pouloudi
EMCDDA TDI Expert Meeting22-23 September 2004
Katerina KontogeorgiouMaria Pouloudi
Number of users starting treatment, 1994-2003Number of users starting treatment, 1994-2003
846
1130
546 570
1151
3679 3630 3637
135 17162 79
179 175329
567 601 602
1096
1938
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Ν
Total
Women
Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
Distribution of users starting treatment by sex, 1994-2003
Distribution of users starting treatment by sex, 1994-2003
84.0 84.988.6
86.1 84.4 84.0 83.0 84.6 83.4 83.4
16.0 15.111.4
13.9 15.6 16.0 17.0 15.4 16.6 16.6
0
20
40
60
80
100
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
%
Men
Women
Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003
MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003 MEN
%WOMEN
%
Socio-demographic information
19-29 years old 58.6 66.9***
Previously treated 47.5 47
Living with parents 75.7 66.2***Living with drug users 13.4 25.8***Secondary/ higher education completed 37.8 52.2***
Employment Regular employment 22.1 9.3***Unemployed 61 71.1
Drug-related information Primary DrugHeroin/opiatesCannabisHypnotics/sedativesCocaine
89.17.51.31.4
86.9**6.832
Usual routeInjection Sniffing
48.326.8
36.5***39.9
Use of secondary drugs byHeroin (primary drug)Cannabis (")Hypnotics/sedatives(")
75.577.152.487.5
81.6**83.4**53.683.4
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI* p<0.05** p<0.01*** p<0.001
MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003
MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003
MEN%
WOMEN%
Drug-related information Currently injecting 51 43.1***
Ever injected 78.5 77
Currently sharing needles 32.2 35.7
Ever shared needles 56.7 62.4*
Mean ages Years
Mean age 28.5 26***
Mean age at first use (any subs.) 16 16*
Mean age at first use (primary) 20 19***
Mean duration of use of primary drug 8 6.5***
* p<0.05** p<0.01*** p<0.001
Source: TDI, Greek REITOX Focal Point
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
Primary drug of use in women by age group (2003)
Primary drug of use in women by age group (2003)
61.2
30.6
4.1 4.10.0
87.4
5.73.2 1.7 2.00.8 2.5 0.8 0.0
86.7
6.7
0.0
6.7
0.0
95.9
0
20
40
60
80
100
Heroin/opiates Cannabis Hypnotics/sedatives Cocaine Other drugs
%
-18
19-29
30-40
41+
Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
Mean age, age at first use of primary drug and age at onset of use
Mean age, age at first use of primary drug and age at onset of use
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Yrs
AGE MenAGE WomenAGE AT FIRST USE OF PRIMARY DRUG Men AGE AT FIRST USE OF PRIMARY DRUG WomenAGE AT ONSET OF USE Men AGE AT ONSET OF USE Women
Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point
Substance of onset of use by sex, 1994-2003Substance of onset of use by sex, 1994-2003
Cannabis Hypnotics/Sedatives Heroin
Men%
Women%
Men%
Women%
Men%
Women%
1994 56.9 63.4 16.2 11.9 11.8 11.9
1995 60 64.9 15.5 11.7 11.9 10.5
1996 69 66.1 11.7 8.1 9.2 14.5
1997 70.8 68.8 10.5 7.8 7.8 13
1998 70 63.6 14.6 14.8 8.2 11.4
1999 75.6 74 11.9 4.6 7.2 16.2
2000 71.6 68 13.6 12.5 8.1 12.8
2001 75.4 70.6 8.6 9.6 6.3 10.2
2002 77 74.8 8.5 7.7 6 8.7
2003 80.1 74.3 7.2 8.9 5.5 9.6
Source: TDI, Greek REITOX Focal Point
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
Primary drug of use by sex, 1994-2003Primary drug of use by sex, 1994-2003
Heroin/other opiates Cannabis Hypnotics/sedatives
Men%
Women%
Men%
Women%
Men%
Women%
1994 87.2 85.9 3.9 4.4 5.3 7.4
1995 89.9 84.2 4.9 4.7 3 7.6
1996 87.1 88.7 8.5 6.5 2.9 1.6
1997 83.7 83.3 11.6 11.5 2.6 3.8
1998 93 86 5 9.5 1 3.4
1999 90.1 86.3 6.3 10.3 1 2.3
2000 93.8 94.5 4 3.3 1.1 1.2
2001 89.6 89.7 7.6 5.1 1.3 2
2002 88.9 88.5 7.7 5.5 1.4 1.3
2003 89.1 86.9 7.5 6.8 1.3 3
Source: TDI, Greek REITOX Focal Point
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
Injecting use in the last 30 days, 1994-2003Injecting use in the last 30 days, 1994-2003
76.1
84.2
72.3 72.376.9
70.7
61.9
53.8 52.1 51.0
43.141.344.0
45.1
52.0
74.6
63.3
69.472.6
78.9
0
20
40
60
80
100
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
%
Men
Women
Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
Injecting use in lifetime, 1994-2003 Injecting use in lifetime, 1994-2003
91.0
83.7
89.8
83.287.7
79.8 81.0
92.6 91.9
78.583.7
90.7
77.077.378.1
84.5
74.3
83.2
75.9
85.4
0
20
40
60
80
100
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
%
Men
Women
Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
Needle sharing among injecting users in the last 30 days, 1994-2003
Needle sharing among injecting users in the last 30 days, 1994-2003
32.7
40.2
32.6
41.7
36.1
52.2
42.9
37.7
43.0
35.732.233.5
27.731.9
36.8
31.135.1
30.9
25.0
35.1
0
20
40
60
80
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
%
Men
Women
Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
Needle sharing among injecting users in lifetime, 1994-2003
Needle sharing among injecting users in lifetime, 1994-2003
73.2
59.0
66.169.4 69.2
65.361.1 62.4
56.755.1
61.059.1
65.0
55.2
64.765.3
75.9
60.0
64.963.9
0
20
40
60
80
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
%
Men
Women
Source: TDI, Greek Focal Point
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF ADOLESCENT USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003
MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF ADOLESCENT USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003
BOYS%
GIRLS%
Socio-demographic information
Previously treated 20.5 22.4
Source of referralFamilyCourt/police
51.612.7
38.84.1
Living with parentsLiving alone
90.51.3
85.76.1
Living with drug users 12.2 18.8
Secondary completed/ some higher education
53.1 69.3
Employment Regular employmentPupil/Student
13.548.4
267.3
Drug-related information Heroin/opiates (PD)CannabisHypnotics/sedativesCocaine
46.245.61.93.2
61.230.64.14.1
Usual routeInjection SmokingSniffing
26.652.518.4
35.437.522.9
Use of secondary drugs 72.8 77.5
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF ADOLESCENT USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003
MAIN DIFFERENCES IN THE PROFILE OF ADOLESCENT USERS IN TREATMENT BY SEX, 2003
BOYS%
GIRLS%
Drug-related information Currently injecting 23.7 28.6
Ever injected 35.9 36.7
Currently sharing needles 43.2 35.7
Ever shared needles 58.9 55.6
Mean ages Years
Mean age 17 17
Mean age at first use (any subs.) 14 14
Mean age at first use (primary) 15 15
Mean duration of use of primary drug 2 2
Source: TDI, Greek REITOX Focal Point
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
• WOMEN ARE UNDER-REPRESENTED
• YOUNGER
• LIVE WITH DRUG USERS MORE OFTEN
• MORE EDUCATED
• MORE UNEMPLOYED
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
• HEROIN AS PRIMARY DRUG
• LESS OFTEN CURRENT INJECTION
• MORE OFTEN SHARING NEEDLES
• YOUNGER AT FIRST USE OF P.D.
• THERAPY (LAST CONTACT) EARLIER
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI
FURTHER CONSIDERATIONSFURTHER CONSIDERATIONS
• QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
• SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT
Greek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRIGreek REITOX Focal Point - UMHRI