Post on 14-Jul-2018
transcript
Update on
Pervious Concrete
Performance Eastern
Washington
Liv Haselbach
Fulbright-ALCOA Distinguished Chair in the
Environmental Sciences and Engineering in Brazil
Professor, Civil & Environmental Engineering
Washington State University
haselbach@wsu.edu
Associate Director: CESTiCC
Center for Environmentally Sustainable
Transportation in Cold Climates
And
Thanks to the Husseman Fund from the
Washington State Department of Ecology,
WSU Facility Services
City of Spokane1
2
Pervious concrete can be used for many applications including:
- Parking lots,
- sidewalks,
- low volume roads, and
- there is interest for roadway shoulders to control the roadway runoff.
Traditional Pavement as mainline Permeable Pavement Shoulder
Natural Soil
Open Graded Aggregate Bed
Source of photo: http://www.ephenryecocenter.com
Permeable Pavement Systems!
PERVIOUS CONCRETE IS A STRUCTURED SURFACE PLUS:
Surface Infiltration: Stormwater Flooding Mitigation
Underground Storage (no surface pooling/ponding)
Pollutant Removal: - on top - in ground - in reservoir - to air?
Heat Island Mitigation
Noise Reduction
Safety Benefits 3
Permeable Pavement Systems!
What is the surface?
- Pervious Concrete
- Porous Asphalt
- Permeable Pavers
What depth should the
aggregate bed be?
-For structure (loads)
-For water storage
(runon and storms)
- For frost depth
4
Permeable pavements on slopes?
Remember it is a System
Be careful that the water from surrounding areas (runon) does not flow too fast and overshoot!5
What is Pervious Concrete?
Mixture of :
• Coarse aggregate,
• Cementitious material,
• Admixtures, and
• Water.
• Carefully controlled amounts of water &
cementitious materials are used to create a
paste that forms a thick coating around
aggregate particles without flowing off during
mixing & placing.
6
Unique Structure of Pervious
Concrete
•Vertical Porosity Distribution
• Top Transition Zone
•Micro/Macro Pores
•Connected/Disconnected Pores7
Porosity of Pervious Concrete
•Total Porosity Ranges: ~13%-40%
•Recommended: ~20-25%
•Tortuous (vertical and horizontal flow)
•Compressive Strength(not used for specifying):
Typically 1000-3000 psi. (7-20 Mpa)
8
How is pervious concrete placed?
Concrete Traditional PC
Cement 1 1
Aggregate 3 4+
Water 1/2 ~1/3
Fines 2 ~0
Mixed
Compacted & CoveredCured 7 days
9
Testing Methods
• ASTM c1688-14a Standard Test Method for Density and
Void Content of Freshly Mixed Pervious Concrete
• ASTM c1701-09 Standard Test Method for Infiltration Rate
of In Place Pervious Concrete:
• ASTM c1747-13 Standard Test Method for Determining
Potential Resistance to Degradation of Pervious Concrete
by Impact and Abrasion (or ASTMc944 Rotating Abrasion
for traditional concrete)
• ASTM c1754-12 Standard Test Method for Density and
Void Content of Hardened Pervious Concrete
• ISO 17785-1 Testing methods for pervious concrete –
infiltration rate……June 2016
10
Site Information and
Runon Areas
Site Pervious Concrete Area
Paved Run-on Sources
Paved Approximate Area Producing Run-on
Total Area Ratio of Total Area to Pervious Concrete Area
Valley Playfield East
4277 ft2 Incline Standard Concrete
2500 ft2 6777 ft2 1.58
Valley Playfield Center
7262 ft2 None Negligible 7262 ft2 1.00
VetMed 2827 ft2 Incline Standard Concrete
4000 ft2 6827 ft2 2.41
Sloan Sidewalk 960 ft2 Incline Standard Concrete
2000 ft2 2960 ft2 3.08
Average 2
Haselbach, L. and Werner, B., Pervious Concrete Performance in Eastern Washington: Surface
Infiltration, Proceedings ASCE Low Impact Development Conference, Houston Texas, January 2015.
Summary of seven pervious
pavement sites at WSU Pullman
as of Summer 2016
Age (yr) Size (sq.ft.) Mix
VetMed Circle 5 2827 Concrete
Sloan Hall Sidewalk 4 960 Concrete
East Valley Playfields 6 4277 Concrete
Center Valley Playfields 5 7262 Concrete
Allen Center Walk and ADA
Parking5 5924 Asphalt
Community Hall 1 130 Concrete
PACCAR 1 9370 Concrete
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Pullman Pervious Locations
Site 2014 Average (in/hr)
Winters Experienced by
2014 Testing
2015 Average (in/hr)
Winters Experienced by
2015 TestingValley Playfields East
498 4 178 5
Valley Playfields Center
594 3 no data 4
VetMed Circle 413 3 234 4
ADA Parking Lot (asphalt)
123 3 no data 4
Sloan Hall Sidewalk
513 2 233* 3
Community Hall Sidewalk
1820 0
PACCAR 977 0
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Locations were not chosen randomly and therefore the numbers may be biased to clogged areas.
*This data point reflects a partial cleaning of the pervious installation.
Prior to cleaning, this value was likely closer to about 190 in/hr.
Haselbach, 2016. Low Impact Development Feasibility Project on the WSU Pullman Campus,
Final report to Washington State Department of Ecology.
Cleaned Sloan! Woohoo!
• September 2015
•Hose and Nozzle
•Upper ~15 feet
• Lower ~20 feet
• Just as fast now as center portion which has
not been cleaned after 3 winters, but still
functioning well.
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Sloan Infiltration Testing 2014
Time (Seconds)
Test
location
number
Pre-
wetTest
5 gal
Infiltration Rate
(in/hr)1 gal
1 604 620 12
2 21.6 185.5 198
3 13.33 82.9 444
4 9.43 51.8 710
5 8.96 51.87 709
6 10.61 52.85 696
7 10.61 69.45 530
Haselbach, L. and Werner, B.,
Pervious Concrete Performance in
Eastern Washington: Surface
Infiltration, Proceedings ASCE Low
Impact Development Conference,
Houston Texas, January 2015.
Sloan Temperature Impacts?
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Werner, B. and Haselbach, L. Temperature and testing impacts on surface infiltration rates
of pervious concrete, under development. J Cold Regions Engr.
Clogging with Time at Sloan
20
Werner, B. and Haselbach, L.(2016) Temperature and testing impacts on surface infiltration rates of
pervious concrete, submitted Special Issue on Environmental Sustainability of Transportation Infrastructure in
Cold Climates, ASCE J of Cold Regions Engineering
ASTM C1701 – Alpha and Beta Tests
21
Werner, B. and Haselbach, L. Temperature and testing impacts on surface infiltration rates
of pervious concrete, under development. J Cold Regions Engr.
Slope is 1.05 and R2 is 0.97
Soil Moisture and Temperature
Sensoring at Community Hall
WSU Case Study Retention
•Why? If we used permeable pavement systems
next to mainlines, what impacts are there on the
soils under the mainlines?
• Frost depth? Soil migration?
• Typical Palouse Clay soils
• Sensors in the neighboring soils
• Pervious concrete sidewalk
•Weather station on top of Sloan
•Opportunity for ‘controlled’ flooding events
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Community Sidewalk
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Method: Several soil moisture and temperature sensors are installed in slow draining soils next to a
retention system located in a pervious concrete sidewalk on the Pullman Campus of Washington State
University (with clayey soil) with no underdrains. This portion is for the warm/dry season. The
observation wells can be used for draindown studies.
Existing
Traditional
Concrete
Existing
Traditional
Concrete
New Pervious Concrete
Dam
OW 1
OW: Observation Well
MS: Moisture Sensor Array
Zone A
Zone BZone C
OW 2
Data logger
M.S.A2
M.S.A1
M.S.B2
M.S.B1
M.S.C2
M.S.C1
N
Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. (2016) under review
Impacts of a Pervious Concrete System on Neighboring Clay Soils in Warm-Dry Months.
Community Sidewalk
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First set of GPR targets Second set of GPR targets
6 in
6 in
2 ft
6 in 3 ft 3 ft 8 ft 5 ft 6 in 3 ft 3 ft
N
Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. (2016) under review
Impacts of a Pervious Concrete System on Neighboring Clay Soils in Warm-Dry Months.
Draindown Test Results from Test 1 on October 17, 2015:
Zone C Observation Well
Time
(minute)
Water
Depth
(in)
Time
(minute)
Water
Depth
(in)
Time
(minute)
Water
Depth
(in)
0 20.25 16.57 16.25 39.42 12.25
0.75 19.75 17.93 15.75 41.67 11.75
1.20 19.25 20.63 15.25 43.32 11.25
3.32 18.75 23.15 14.75 45.40 10.75
5.20 18.25 25.13 14.25 47.03 10.25
10.40 17.75 29.15 13.75 48.33 9.75
13.23 17.25 33.72 13.25 50.73 9.25
15.02 16.75 36.22 12.75 52.03 8.75
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Haselbach, 2016. Low Impact Development Feasibility Project on the WSU Pullman Campus, Final report
To Washington State Department of Ecology.
Summer Neighboring Impacts
Temperature
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Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. (2016) under review
Impacts of a Pervious Concrete System on Neighboring Clay Soils in Warm-Dry Months.
The pavement can get hot and it can warm slightly the top layer of the near soil.
Summer Neighboring Impacts:
Temperature
32
Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. (2016) under review
Impacts of a Pervious Concrete System on Neighboring Clay Soils in Warm-Dry Months.
Tends to be a little warmer near the bed in the early summer but cooler later in summer.
Note the impact of the artificial flooding event.
Middle
Deep
Summer Neighboring Impacts:
Volumetric Water Content
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Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. (2016) under review
Impacts of a Pervious Concrete System on Neighboring Clay Soils in Warm-Dry Months.
WSU Facilities Services keeps a fairly constant soil moisture near the top with irrigation.
The A zone is near a stairwell and may lose moisture.
Shallow
Summer Neighboring Impacts:
Volumetric Water Content
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Note how the irrigation and flooding increase soil moisture, but it drains rapidly near the bed.
Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. (2016) under review
Impacts of a Pervious Concrete System on Neighboring Clay Soils in Warm-Dry Months.
Middle
Deep
Soil Moisture and Temperature
Sensoring at Finch Arboretum
Spokane Case Study Detention
• Porous asphalt parking lot
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Soil Moisture and Temperature
Sensoring at Finch Arboretum
Spokane Case Study Detention
•Mix of soil layers
•Weather station at GEG
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Finch Results:
Mid Winter: Middle Sensors: VWC
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Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. (2017) Impacts of a Detention-Based Permeable Pavement System on
Neighboring Clay Soils under Cold-Wet Weather Conditions, submitted July 6 2016 to TRB
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
12
/30/1
5
1/3
/16
1/7
/16
1/1
1/1
6
1/1
5/1
6
1/1
9/1
6
1/2
3/1
6
1/2
7/1
6
1/3
1/1
6
2/4
/16
2/8
/16
2/1
2/1
6
2/1
6/1
6
2/2
0/1
6
2/2
4/1
6
2/2
8/1
6
Pre
cip
itat
ion (
mm
)
Ab
solu
te V
WC
(m
3/m
3) A12 A22 B12 B22 Rain Snow
VWC never got very high. Sometimes VWC lagged snow events. More moisture farther away than nearer aggregate storage bed.None of the sensors registered below freezing temperatures..
Community Retention:
Winter Temperature
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Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. Impacts of a Pervious Concrete Retention System on Neighboring Clay Soils,
submitted to ASCE , Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 29 August 2016
Community Retention:
Winter Temperature
39
Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. Impacts of a Pervious Concrete Retention System on Neighboring Clay Soils,
submitted to ASCE , Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 29 August 2016
Community Retention:
Winter VWC
40
Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. Impacts of a Pervious Concrete Retention System on Neighboring Clay Soils,
submitted to ASCE , Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 29 August 2016
Community Retention:
Winter VWC
41
Yekkalar, M. and Haselbach, L. Impacts of a Pervious Concrete Retention System on Neighboring Clay Soils,
submitted to ASCE , Journal of Cold Regions Engineering 29 August 2016
In the deep part of the winter.
Middle:
Near may wet but
drains quickly.
Below:
Near may wet
Some ut drains.
Cleaning Paccar July 7 2016
Performed by Washington State University Facility Services
Photos by Liv Haselbach