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Urban Form in America and Europe
Pietro S. Nivola
Senior Fellow
Governance Studies
The Brookings Institution
Fundamentals Space
Source: Center for International Earth Science Information Network, Columbia University
Demography Population Growth
Source: OECD
Demography Demography Age Profile
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Italy
Germany
UnitedKingdom
France
United States
Children (under 15)
Adults (15-64)
Seniors (over 65)
Source: OECD
Demography Mobility
Within County (65%)
New County, Same State (19%)
Different State (13%)
International (3%)
Over one in ten Americans moved in 2008 (38.7 million people)
Mobility patterns:
Source: US Census Bureau
The Economy GDP
Source: OECD
05000
100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000
1970
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
1988
1991
1994
1997
2000
2003
2006
France
Germany
Italy
United Kingdom
United States
Per Capita Gross Domestic Product (inflation adjusted USD)
Policy Distinctions Agricultural Subsidies
Source: OECD
Transportation Policy
United States Untied Kingdom
PublicTransit
PublicTransit
Roads and Road-Related
Expenses
Roadsand Road-RelatedExpenses
Allocation of Transportation Spending (as share of total ground transportation
spending)
Source: US Department of Transportation, UK Department for Transport
Energy Prices and Taxes
Source: The Brookings Institution
Unleaded Gas Prices and Taxes (2008, Q1)
Source: The Brookings Institution
Automotive Diesel Prices and Taxes (2008, Q1)
Energy Prices and Taxes
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
France
Germany
Italy
United Kingdom
United States
Electricity Prices for Households (U.S. Dollars per Kilowatt-hour)
Source: OECD
Energy Prices and Taxes
Percent of Trips Taken by Various Modes of Transportation
Auto Public Transit Bicycle Other (includes walking)
Auto Trips Per Transit Trip
United States
89 2 1 7 44.5
Great Britain
65 14 4 17 4.6
France 56 13 5 25 4.5
Germany 49 16 12 23 3.1
Source: Sprawl in Europe and America, Michael Lewyn, 46 San Diego L. Rev. 85
Source: Transportation: A Geographical Analysis, by William Richard Black, pp. 39
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
10000
United States United Kingdom Germany France
8829
6286 6299 6313
Vehicle Kilometers Driven (per capita, 2003)
Education
Source: US Department of Education
Per Capita Education Expenditure(Annual expenditure per student, in USD)
430440
450460
470480490
500510
520530
U.K. Germany France UnitedStates
Italy
Science
Math
High School Math and Science ScoresInternational Comparisons
Source: The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA), 2006.
The Urban-Suburban Education Gap in America
Sources: The New York Times, Mass. State Board of Education
Over 95%
90-95% 80-89%
Under 80%
MCAS Composite
Source: IEA Statistics Division, Energy Balances of OECD Countries (2008 edition).
Energy Consumption: Total energy consumption per capita
Units: Kilograms of oil equivalent (kgoe) per person
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
1990 2000 2005
France Germany Italy
United Kingdom United States
So What? Big Foot
0
5
10
15
20
25
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
2004
2006
Met
ric
ton
s o
f C
O2
per
cap
ita
France
Germany
Italy
United Kingdom
United States
Carbon Footprint: International ComparisonCarbon dioxide emissions (CO2), metric tons of
CO2 per capita (UNFCCC)
Source: United Nations
What To Do? Shopworn “Solutions” Emulate Europe? No and Yes