Post on 25-Apr-2018
transcript
Electrical Cornerstone for the 21st Century – Zero Net Energy (ZNE)
Schools
Lorenz (Larry) Schoff, PE, Energy Efficient Solutions
2016 DOE Mandate
Electrical Foundation
Topics
• Background • U.S Department of Energy’s Study / Rulings
• Energy Savings Potential -- Examples
• Recommendations
• Questions
Background AF Civil Engineering Officer – ’64-’84 Director of Facilities and Transportation – K-12 Original member of US DOE – EnergySmart Schools Team -- Rebuild America Member of ASHRAE AEDG, LEED for Schools and CA Grid Neutral Committees U.S. Rep on IEA Annex 36 – EE in existing Schools Currently--Energy Efficiency Consultant
What is a Zero Net Energy Building?
• Total amount of energy used by a building on an annual basis, is equal or greater than the amount of energy created on the site • Key – All Energy consumed be at the minimum • Achieve Grid Neutral -- Consumption = Production
Buildings consume 68% of electricity • ZNE building today – like LEED in 1999-2000
u LVDT – Dry Type u Currently, LVDT Out of Sight and Out of
Mind – Behind Locked/Closed Doors
u Energy Efficient LVDT – the first step toward “Zero Net Energy Buildings” -- Future
It’s Humming Our Song
Background -- Loads – Yesterday (linear) and Today (non-linear)
• Linear
• Non-Linear
Electrical systems deliver optimum performance when feeding continuous “linear” loads: • motors, resistive heating • incandescent lighting, • tape recorders, CRT TV’S
Electronics are everywhere -Computers, LED/LCD TV Copiers, test equipment etc
Variable Speed Drives pumps and Motors
Background -- Studies
• Oak Ridge Study -- 1995
• 1999 Study of Loads in NE
Metered Load Factors for Low-Voltage, Dry-Type Transformers in Commercial, Industrial, and Public Buildings The Cadmus Group Inc. 12/7/99, Prepared for Northeast Energy Efficiency Partnership
Figure ES-4 RMS Average Transformer Loads by Building Type
0%5%10%15%20%25%30%
Offfice
Manufacturing
Retail
Schools
HealthcareRM
S Av
erag
e Lo
ad F
acto
r
Design Load for max efficiency – 35-50%
Background – LVDT Ownership Cost
4%
96%
First Cost
Life Cycle OperatingCost
Operating cost (transformer losses) are ignored, yet offer by far the largest opportunity for savings
Why First Cost Dominates Purchasing Process – First cost emphasized, owner rarely involved in the purchasing process*** – Engineers/Architects unaware of design changes & potential savings***
Life of an LVDT -- DOE
• Stated – 32 Years
• Actual – life of bldg.
• Low Load
U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Actions -- Study and Rulings – Preliminary and Final
• Started Study to improve the efficiency of Low Voltage Transformers after Oak Ridge Study
• Preliminary Ruling published in 2004 • Efficiency key • CSL-1 known at TP-1, Minimum – 98.0% = 1.00 (75 kVa) • CSL-3 had Lowest Life Cycle Cost - 98.6% • Linear loads
• Key Study Finding – 60-80 B kwh in losses • Equals 9 days of generation capacity -- 2.6% reduction
• EPACT 2005 set TP-1 as Minimum – effective 7/2007
• TP-1 Not UL approved for more than 5% NL loads
Example: Potential of Loss Reduction
-- 6 100 w incandenscent -- 24 23w CFL 100w eq -- 33 18w 4 ft tube LED -- 38 16w LED 100w eq
U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Actions -- Final Ruling -- Recommendations
• Final Ruling published in 2013 • EL 6 – LLC 99.1% @ 35% load (75 kVa) LLC
• Can’t be built at this time due to lack of high grade steel • Based on Linear Loads – not real world • New Transformer labelled “DOE 2016”
• Effective date – 1 January 2016 • NEMA TP-1 no longer can manufactured
• Key Study Finding – More Significant kWh Savings = $$$$$$$$
U.S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Actions -- Final Ruling -- Recommendations
• 2016 XXX Transformers manufactured -- Today • Meet/exceed DOE 2016 Efficiency Standards 98.6% for 75 kVa • EL-4 – 98.8% and EL-5 – 98.93% • 2016 XXX – 14% more efficient than DOE 2016 with linear loads • XXX-HP unit 24% more efficient than DOE 2016 with linear loads • UL approved for 100% Non-linear loads • K-7 rated • Savings beyond 2016 mandate – Level 4 -- $12 B
• Level 5 -- $ 14.5 B over 30 years
• Note: All Current Manufacturers Can Build – Most Decide Not to • COMMENT – Future when most buildings are ZNE – Plug Loads will
be as high as 50% of the energy use
What is the potential for Schools?
• Existing Schools
• Elementary Schools – 2-5 XFMRs -- $6 –10K/yr • Middle Schools – 6-12 XFMRs -- $9-15K/yr • High Schools – 10-25 XFMRs -- $12-$32K/yr
• Technology is changing
• By 2030 – New Buildings will be NZE -- AIA
• Existing buildings – NZE by 2050 or sooner • 2016 transformers built for Non-Linear loads will be the
cornerstone for the Future Electrical Sys.
A High Performance/Zero Net Energy Bldg., Needs a Solid Structural and Electrical Foundation for Success
2016 DOE Mandate
Electrical Foundation
Structural Foundation
One thing to Remember – Building don’t operate themselves – Occupants (People) do!!!!
2016 DOE Mandate
Electrical Foundation
Structural Foundation