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VANCOUVER REFERENCING
for
THE ROBERT GORDON UNIVERSITY
Principles AND practice
For a full list of examples of Vancouver references go to
CampusMoodle
LibraryReferencing
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ContentsPage
1 Why reference? ..................... ................................ ..................................
2 When to reference .......................... ............................... ..........................
3 Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it ................................ .................
4 How to reference
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4.1 A summary .................................. ............................... ..............
4.2 Citations ....................................................................................
4.3 Examples of citations no direct quotation .
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4.4 Examples of citations direct quotation ............................... ....
4.5 Page references .................................. .....................................
4.6 Secondary referencing ............................ ................................ .
4.7 Illustrations ...............................................................................
4.8 Finding the information for your reference ...
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4.8.1 An example of a library catalogue record for a book .
4.8.2 An example of a database record for a journal article
4.8.3 Tips for referencing web pages ............................ .....
5. Example of an endnote .
6. Example of citations, endnote and bibliography ..
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1 Why reference?
Referencing is necessary
to give credit to other authors whose work you have quoted, or to whose workyou have referred, in order to avoid a charge of plagiarism (see section 3below);
to allow the reader of your work to find the books, journal articles,web pages etc which you have read and thereby access further information
on the subject; and
to demonstrate that you understand the conventions of academic writing.
2 When to reference
You must provide a reference
every time you quote directly from the work of someone else;
every time you refer indirectly to the work of someone else, eg if you
o paraphrase (put into your own words) what they have said;
o summarise their arguments or ideas; or
o refer to information, including statistical data, case studies etc, whichyou have obtained from their work; or
where you wish to provide sources of further information , clarification ofpoints you have made in your text, or additional evidence to support yourarguments.
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3 Plagiarism: what it is and how to avoid it
It is not only acceptable, but expected, that you will refer to the work of others in your
academic writing.
Plagiarism occurs when you use other peoples work without acknowledging that you
have done so by citing your sources and providing references for them.
Quoting
Quotation is taking the exact words written by someone else and reproducing them in
your work.
Short quotations should be contained within your paragraph of text but enclosed
within quotation marks (double inverted commas).
Longer quotations should be indented as a separate paragraph and do not require
quotation marks.
Examples of how to insert quotations in your text are at section 4.4 below.
Paraphrasing
Even if ideas, theories, opinions etc that you have taken from other peoples work are
reproduced in your work in your own words this will still constitute plagiarism unless
you provide a reference.
Only information which is considered common knowledge in your field of study does
not have to be referenced.
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4 How to reference
4.1 A summary
Element Description
Citation Inserted into your text where you have
quoted from, or referred to, someone
elses work.
Consists of a number either in brackets
(1) [1] or in superscript 1
The numbers run consecutively
throughout your work.
However, if you quote from, or refer to,
the same item (book, journal article etc)
on more than one occasion you will use
the same citation number each time in
your text.
If you have quoted directly from an item
more than once in your text you will place
a page reference after the number.
Endnote (headed References at the end
of your work)
At the end of your work giving the full
reference details of works from which
you have quoted or to which you have
referred in your text.
The list is arranged numerically by the
citation numbers in your text and should
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be headed References .
If you have quoted directly from an item
in your text, but you have only quoted
from the item once, then the endnote will
include a page reference.
Bibliography At the end of your work following the
endnote.
Lists the full reference details for all items
included in your endnote plus anything
else which you have read but not
referred to or quoted in your text, eg
background reading.
The bibliography is arranged
alphabetically by author. If it contains
more than one work by the same author
they are arranged alphabetically by title.
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4.2 Citations
Where you have quoted from, or referred to, someone elses work you must insert a
number in your text which the reader can use to find the full details of the item in the
endnote at the end of your work.
The citation number can be in:
Round brackets (1) Square brackets [1] Superscript 1
The numbers must run consecutively throughout your work.
However, if you refer to the same work more than once you should use the same
number each time.
A page reference can be included with the citation number but only if you have
referred to the work more than once in your work. Where you have referred to an
item only once the page reference is included in the entry for that item in your
Endnote.
See the separate section 4.5 below regarding page references.
Sample citation numbers are at sections 4.3 and 4.4.
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4.3 Examples of citations no direct quotation
Where the author(s) or editor (s) names occur naturally in your text:
Grushkin (1) claims that ...
Payne and Phillips (2) claim that ...
Brewster, Fenton and Morris (3) claim that ...
Roeder et al. (4) claim that ...
Where the author(s) or editor (s) names do not oc cur naturally in your text:
It has been claimed (1) that ...
4.4 Examples of citations direct quotation
Brief quotations
Brown (1) has stated most astutely that referencing is a pain I could do without.
or
One view is that referencing is a pain I could do without (1).
Longer quotations
It has been categorically stated that:
David Lloyd George and Winston Churchill were the two most important
figures in twentieth-century British politics. Not only were both renowned
wartime Prime Ministers, but they both also established impressive track
records in terms of domestic reform (1).
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4.5 Page references
Endnote or citation in the text
If you have not quoted someone elses words directly, you do not need to provide a
page reference in your endnote or your citation.
If you have quoted directly in your text, but only once , from an item then the full
reference given in your endnote should include a reference to the exact page(s) from
which you have quoted, eg:
(1) Diamond J. The world of fashion. 4 th ed. New York (NY): Fairchild; 2002.
p. 30.
However, if you have quoted from the same book more than once in your text the
page reference is instead included in the citation in your text, eg:
Diamond claims (1 p. 30) that ...
Otherwise you would have to include the item more than once in your endnote in
order to take account of the different pages from which you have quoted.
Bibliography
Books
References to books in your bibliography do not include any page reference.
Journal articles
The reference in the bibliography will include the page reference for the entire
article, eg:
Kuuskraa V. Undeveloped US oil resources: a big target for enhanced oil
recovery. World Oil. 2006; 227(8): 65-69.
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4.6 Secondary referencing
You may read a book or journal article etc in which the author has made reference to
or quoted from another work which you have not read but to which you, in your turn,
wish to refer.
This is called secondary referencing.
You must make the situation clear in your text, eg:
Chandler, in a letter quoted by Hiney (1), claimed that most people could do
without literature far more easily than they could do without coffee or whisky.
You only reference the work which you have read. In this case the reference
which would appear in your endnote would be:
(1) HINEY, T., 1998. Raymond Chandler: a biography. London: Vintage. p. 2.
4.7 Illustrations
Illustrations referred to but NOT reproduced in your w ork
You may refer in your text to a graph, table, map, photograph etc which is included in
a book or journal article. In this case your sentence should make clear the type of
item you are referring to and the entry in your endnote should include a page
reference and figure number, table number etc if there is one.
For example:
... Donnans graph (1) shows that the majority of patients ...
The book, journal article etc in which you have seen the illustration is then referenced
in the normal manner. The author of the book, journal article etc may or may not be
the same person who has authored the illustration. For example:
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(1) Donnan PT. Quantitative analysis (descriptive). In: Cormack D. The
research process in nursing. 4 th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 2000. p.
371.
Illustrations which you have reproduced in your w ork
Detailed instructions for the referencing of illustrations which you have copied and
reproduced in your work are included in the full list of Vancouver reference templates
which can be accessed via CampusMoodle by clicking on Library > Referencing >
RGU Vancouver: examples of references. .
4.8 Finding the information for your reference
It is usually easier to find the information you need for your reference by looking up a
catalogue record (book) or database record (journal article). All the elements you need, eg
authors, title, publisher, year of publication etc. will normally be laid out there for you.
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4.8.1 An example of a library catalogue record for a book
first
Full title
and
complete
list of
authors or
editors
Edition, if
not the
first edition
City of
publication
Publisher
Year of
publication
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4.8.2 An example of a bibliographic database record for a journal
article
Title of
the article
Full list of
authors
Title of journal in
which the article
was published
Volume
number
Part/issue number
Year of
publication
Page
reference
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4.8.3 Tips for referencing web pages
It is often difficult to be sure what is what on a web site. Use your common sense.
For example:
Author /edi to r/publi sher. Very often there will be no identifiable person to use as an
author or editor, so both the author and the publisher will be the organisation which
owns the web site. This will often be a company, university etc.
City of publication. A city of publication is sometimes difficult to find, so try
something like the contact us link and look for a postal address which will include a
city.
Year of publication. The year of publication can also be tricky. If there is no
obvious date, use the last updated year if the site gives one (usually near the
bottom of the page). If this is not given, use the current year.
Last updated date. Some web sites provide this, usually near the bottom of the
page. If it is not there just leave it out of your reference.
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5 example of endnote
NB. Line spaces have been inserted between references in the following list. This is
for the clarity of the example, and spaces are not required in your work. If in doubt,
consult your school.
References
(1) Gelfgat M, Basovich V, Adelman A. Aluminium alloy tubulars for the oil and gas industry.World Oil. 2006; 227(7).
(2) University of Florida. College of Medicine. Patient care at the College of Medicine.
[homepage on the Internet]. Gainesville (FL): University of Florida; 2007 [updated 2008
Mar 14; cited 2008 Jul 16]. Available from: http://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtml .
(3) Tashiro Y, Furubayashi M, Morijiri T, Suzuki K, Yasuno K, Matsuno S et al. Escherichia
coli robots that freeze, smell, swell and time-keep. IET Synthetic Biology. 2007; 1(1-2).
(4) Christiansen K. Going for baroque: bringing 17 th-century masters to the Met.
Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 2005; 62(3). p. 55.
(5) Palmer KT, Cox RAF, Brown I, editors. Fitness for work: the medical aspects. 4 th ed.
Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2007. p. 50.
(6) Doukakis I, Proctor T, Proctor S. Creativity and advertising. In: Bennett R, editor. New
challenges for corporate and marketing communications. Proceedings of the Eighth
International Conference on Corporate and Marketing Communications; 2003 Apr 7-8;
London, UK. London: London Metropolitan University; 2003.
(7) Grushkin P. The art of rock; posters from Presley to punk. New York (NY): Artabras;
1991.
http://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtmlhttp://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtmlhttp://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtmlhttp://www.med.ufl.edu/patients/index.shtml8/12/2019 Vancouver Short New
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(8) Lodish H, Baltimore D, Berk A, Zipursky SL, Matsudaira P, Darnell J et al. Molecular cell
biology. 3 rd ed. New York (NY): Scientific American; 1995.
(9) Brewster F, Fenton H, Morris M. Shock! Horror!: astounding artwork from the video nasty
era. Guildford: FAB; 2005. p. 54.
(10) Stangos N, editor. Concepts of modern art. revised ed. London: Thames and
Hudson; 1981.
(11) Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Hypertension, insulin, and proinsulin
in participants with impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension. 2002; 40(5).
(12) Golding J. Cubism. In: Stangos N, editor. Concepts of modern art. revised ed.
London: Thames and Hudson; 1981.
(13) Mulvey S. Chernobyls continuing hazards. [homepage on the Internet]. London: BBC
News; 2006 [updated 2006 Apr 25; cited 2008 Jul 16]. Available from:
http://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stm .
(14) Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain. Medicines, ethics & practice: a guide
for pharmacists & pharmacy technicians. 30 th ed. London: Royal Pharmaceutical Society
of Great Britain; 2006.
(15) Bennett R, editor. New challenges for corporate and marketing communications.
Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Corporate and Marketing
Communications; 2003 Apr 7-8; London, UK. London: London Metropolitan University;
2003.
(16) Edwards T, George W, Kuffner A, Jones D, Joy T, Dudley T et al., editors. The poetry
of Edgar Allen Poe. New York (NY): Newcastle Press; 2004.
http://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stmhttp://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stmhttp://news/bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4942828.stm8/12/2019 Vancouver Short New
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6 example of citations, endnote and bibliography
AN EXAMPLE OF CITATIONS IN YOUR TEXT AND HOW THEY MATCH UP WITH THE
DETAILS IN THE ENDNOTE AT THE END OF YOUR WORK. THIS IS FOLLOWED BY
THE BIBLIOGRAPHY WHICH INCLUDES EVERYTHING FROM YOUR ENDNOTE PLUS
ANY OTHER READING YOU HAVE DONE BUT NOT REFERRED TO DIRECTLY IN
YOUR TEXT
NB The red highlighting is for demonstration only
In addition to professional genres, academic writing research has also examined thegenres/tasks students are expected to perform in university content classrooms (1) . In one
of the first studies on student writing tasks, Horowitz (2) analyzed 54 writing assignments
from one graduate and 28 undergraduate courses taught in 17 departments of an American
university. Horowitz identified seven categories of writing tasks expected of students:
summary of/reaction to a reading; annotated bibliography; report on a specified participatory
experience; connection of theory and data; case study; synthesis of multiple sources; and
research project. While Horowitzs study did not have a particular disciplinary focus, other
studies examined written genres required of students in specific disciplines (3) . One findingis that much of what students need to write, particularly in upper division undergraduate and
graduate level courses, is specifically tied to their disciplines. Faigley and Hansens study
(4) of writing in a psychology course and a sociology course showed different reactions to
student writing from readers with different degrees of disciplinary expertise and different
aims for writing. While an English professor was largely concerned with the surface features
of papers, the sociology professor paid more attention to what knowledge the student had
acquired than in how well the report was written (5 p. 147 ).
Reference list
(1) Horowitz D. What professors actually require: academic tasks for the ESL classroom.
TESOL Quarterly. 1986; 20(3).
(2) Braine G. Writing in science and technology: an analysis of assignments from ten
undergraduate courses. English for Specific Purposes. 1989; 8(6). p. 56.
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(3) Swales J. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. New York
(NY): Cambridge University Press; 1990.
(4) Berkenkotter C, Huckin T. Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication. Hillside
(NJ): Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1995.
(5) Faigley L, Hansen K. Learning to write in the social sciences. College Composition
and Communication. 1985; 36(2).
Bibliography
Allwardt DE. Teaching note writing with wikis: a cautionary tale of technology in the
classroom. Journal of Social Work Education. 2011; 47(3): 597-605.
Beer DF. Writing and speaking in the technology professions: a practical guide. New York
(NY): IEEE Press; 1992.
Berkenkotter C, Huckin T. Genre knowledge in disciplinary communication. Hillside (NJ):
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1995.
Braine G. Writing in science and technology: an analysis of assignments from ten
undergraduate courses. English for Specific Purposes. 1989; 8(6): 3-16.
Faigley L, Hansen K. Learning to write in the social sciences. College Composition and
Communication. 1985; 36(2): 140-149.
Gibson K. Rhetorics and technologies: new directions in writing and communication. 2011;
54(2): 213-214.
Horowitz D. What professors actually require: academic tasks for the ESL classroom.
TESOL Quarterly. 1986; 20(3): 445-462.
Kirkman J. Good style: writing for science and technology. London: Spon; 1992.
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Phillips NC. Teaching the new writing: technology, change, and assessment in the 21 st-
century classroom. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy. 2010; 53(8): 702-704.
Swales J. Genre analysis: English in academic and research settings. New York (NY):
Cambridge University Press; 1990.