Post on 28-Jan-2018
transcript
Vascular TraumaJoel Arudchelvam
Consultant Vascular and Transplant Surgeon Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura.
Vascular trauma /injury
• Injury to – Arteries– Veins
• Anatomical regions– Extremity – limbs– Abdomen and pelvis– Thorax– Head and neck
Vascular trauma /injury
• Injury to – Arteries– Veins
• Anatomical regions
– Extremity – limbs– Abdomen and pelvis
– Thorax– Head and neck
CASE
• 23 Year old male
• Trap gun injury around knee joint
• Heavy bleeding at the time of injury
• Admitted to Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura after 8 hours
• No Distal Pulses
• Pulse rate – 100 / min
CASE
• Reduced movements
• Numbness
• BP – 80 / 50 mm / Hg
• Clinical evidence of fracture around knee joint
CASE
Case
• Is there an arterial injury ?
• Why ?
• What are the signs and symptoms?
Mechanism of disruption of flow at arterial level
• Transection
• Laceration
• Contusion
• Kink
• Intimal flap
Vascular traumaSigns of a vessel injury• Hard signs
• Soft sign
Hard signs– Active bleeding
– Signs of distal ischaemia
• Absent pulse
• Pain
• Pale
• Perishing Cold
• Paresthesia / anaesthesia
• Paresis / Paralysis – Expanding hematoma
– Thrill, Bruits
Signs of a vessel injury• Soft signs
– Hematoma– Injury close to a known neurovascular bundle– Reduced pulse
Case
• Is this late?
• Will you Repair?
Late Signs of a vessel injury
• Paresis / paralysis and paresthesia / anaesthesia - late signs
• Paresis and paresthesia
• viability of the limb is in immediate threat
• Anaethesia and paralysis
• not viable.
Case
• What are the alternative explanations for the above signs and symptoms
Problems with diagnosing ischaemia after trauma
• Pain – due to injury itself, may not have pain due to associated
nerve injury
• Pallor – may be pale due to blood loss
• Absent pulse– absent due to low blood pressure. Compare with othe
limb
• Paresthesia , paresis – occur due to associated nerve, muscle injury or
unresponsive confused patient
CASE
• What do you do ?
CASE
• What do you do ?
– Resuscitate
CASE
• What do you do ?
– Resuscitate
– Explore immediately
CASE
• What do you do ?
– Resuscitate
– Explore immediately– ? fasciotomy
CASE
• What do you do ?
– Resuscitate
– Explore immediately– ? fasciotomy– Investigate
CASE
• Two units of blood transfused
• BP – 110 / 70
• No distal pulse
• Now what
• Any investigations ?
X Ray
Investigation
• Hard signs – Resuscitate and explore
• Soft sign – Can investigate
• What other investigations are available?
Investigations
Investigations
•Hard signs
• urgent intervention
•Soft signs
• Observe• Investigate
Investigations
• Hand held DOPPLER
• Absent doppler flow• Quality of signal• ABPI
• Presence of doppler flow does not exclude vascular injury
• Duplex scan (USS + DOPPLER)
• Difficult to image in trauma• Due to
• Pain, Non cooperative patient, Dressings
• Patent distal vessels does not exclude a proximal injury
Investigations
• Angiography– CT angiography– Catheter angiography
CT ANGIOGRAPHY
3D Reconstruction
Conventional angiography / DSA
• Contrast directly into artery
• Traumatic
• DSA – Digital subtraction angiography– done though a software after obtaining initial
images
Conventional angiography / DSA
• Contrast directly into artery
• Traumatic
• DSA – Digital subtraction angiography– done though a software after obtaining initial
images
Investigations
• Arteriography
– On table / DSA –
for multi level injury
Investigations
• Patient presenting with– Soft signs– Delayed presentation– Avf– False aneurysm
– Pre-op angiography
Case
• In this patient – What investigations you
would request
X Ray
How soon we should we repair – As soon as possible– Effects of ischaemia
How soon we should we repair
• At ANP – 1 year– 13 cases
– Commonest artery popliteal 53.8 %– Mean ischaemic time – 12.67 hrs– 4 clinically dead limb (mean time 15.75 hrs)
Case
• Will he need fasciotomy ?
WHAT ARE THE LEG COMPARTMENTS
LEG COMPARTMENTS
FASCIOTOMY
FASCIOTOMY
FASCIOTOMY
FASCIOTOMY
Fasciotomy
• 3 compartments dead
• Distal pulse absent
• Will you repair the artery ?
Surgical Repair
• Exploration done
• Contused artery
• What re the principles of repair
Surgical Repair
• Prompt transport to operating room• General anesthesia
• Clean the entire limb• Thigh prepared – for venous harvest • Control of proximal and distal ends and trimming
Surgical repair (cont..)• Balloon thrombectomy• Systemic and distal heparinisation• Interposition graft / Direct
approximation– Unit experience – 88.2% RSVG
• Prosthesis – lower patency
– infection
Surgical repair (cont..)
Principles of arterial repair
• Cut / laceration _ suture transversely
• Heparin – depends on clinical situation
Reperfused ..
• Tachycardia
• Transient lowering of blood pressure
• Recovered with fluid resuscitation
• Mannitol given
• At ICU alkaline diuresis
POST PERFUSION EFFECTS
• REPERFUSION INJURY
• REPERFUSION SYNDROME
• Local – reperfusion injury– Paradoxycal death of already dying muscles after
reperfusion
• Systemic- Reperfusion syndrome– Hypotension– ARDS– Lactic acidosis– Hyperkalemia– Renal failure
Reperfusion effects
• Fasciotomy
• Hydrate the patient
• Mannitol
• O2
• Inotropes
• Ligation of vessel if not responding to above mesures
• Bicarbonate diuresis
Reperfusion syndrome- Management
• If urine out-put is adequate– 5% Dextrose 800 ml + 8.4% NaHCO3 100 ml +20%
Manitol 100 ml
– 100 cc/hr for 12 hours
• If UOP is inadequate– N/2 saline 500ml + 8.4% NaHCO3 35 ml
– Over 6 hours
– Do SE
Bi-carbonate diuresis/ forced alkaline diuresis
What else can we do
• Compartment excision ?
• Ligation
• Amputation
Fracture
• What about bone
Combined Vascular and Skeletal Trauma
– Revascularization / skeletal fixation (external Fixator – EF)
• Bone fixation first if limb is not threatened – apply EF antero laterally
• Revascularisation first if limb is threatened
Case
• Do you repair all injuries
Primary Amputation • Extensive crush injuries and soft
tissue damage – “mangled limb”
• No need to transfer – discuss / photo
Case
• What will you do if threre are no facilities to repair
In hospitals where facilities for repair is not available
• ABCD • Fasciotomy • Discuss• Transfer• Do not apply tight dressings• ? shunt
Summary
• Vascular injury;
– Resuscitate
– Assess viability and extent of injury
– Assess need for fasciotomy
– Early intervention and post intervention monitoring
– Rehabilitation
Thank You