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S A M P L E
PSYCHOLOGYWritten examination
Day Date Reading time: *.** to *.** (15 minutes) Writing time: *.** to *.** (2 hours 30 minutes)
QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK
Structure of bookSection Number of
questionsNumber of questions
to be answeredNumber of
marks
A 50 50 50B 9 9 70
Total 120
• Studentsarepermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:pens,pencils,highlighters,erasers,sharpenersandrulers.
• StudentsareNOTpermittedtobringintotheexaminationroom:blanksheetsofpaperand/orcorrectionfluid/tape.
• Nocalculatorisallowedinthisexamination.
Materials supplied• Questionandanswerbookof36 pages• Answersheetformultiple-choicequestions• Additionalspaceisavailableattheendofthebookifyouneedextrapapertocompleteananswer.
Instructions• Writeyourstudent numberinthespaceprovidedaboveonthispage.• Checkthatyourname andstudent numberasprintedonyouranswersheetformultiple-choice
questionsarecorrect,andsignyournameinthespaceprovidedtoverifythis.• AllwrittenresponsesmustbeinEnglish.
At the end of the examination• Placetheanswersheetformultiple-choicequestionsinsidethefrontcoverofthisbook.
Students are NOT permitted to bring mobile phones and/or any other unauthorised electronic devices into the examination room.
©VICTORIANCURRICULUMANDASSESSMENTAUTHORITY2017
Version2–April2017
SUPERVISOR TO ATTACH PROCESSING LABEL HEREVictorian Certificate of Education Year
STUDENT NUMBER
Letter
PSYCHOLOGY(SAMPLE) 2 Version2–April2017
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Question 1Inanexperiment,itisessentialtocontrolforextraneousvariablessothatA. thereisaprobabilitythattheresultswillbeobtainedbychance.B. avalidconclusioncanbedrawnabouttheeffectoftheindependentvariableonthedependentvariable.C. avalidconclusioncanbedrawnabouttheeffectofthedependentvariableontheindependentvariable.D. thehypothesisissupportedandtheresultsoftheexperimentcanbegeneralisedtothebroaderpopulation.
Question 2Ryleedecidedtousethemeanasastatisticalmeasuretoexaminetheeffectoftheconsumptionofenergydrinksonthetimetakentocompleteajigsawpuzzle.TheuseofthemeanissuitableifthescoresareA. clusteredaroundtheextremevalues.B. clusteredaroundacentralscore.C. unevenlydistributed.D. widelyspread.
Question 3Whichoneofthefollowingsequencesbestillustratestheconsciousnesscontinuumfrommostawaretoleastaware?A. inducedcoma→drowsy→fainted→focusedonanexaminationquestionB. focusedonanexaminationquestion→fainted→drowsy→inducedcomaC. inducedcoma→fainted→drowsy→focusedonanexaminationquestionD. focusedonanexaminationquestion→drowsy→fainted→inducedcoma
SECTION A – Multiple-choice questions
Instructions for Section AAnswerallquestionsinpencilontheanswersheetprovidedformultiple-choicequestions.Choosetheresponsethatiscorrectorthatbest answersthequestion.Acorrectanswerscores1;anincorrectanswerscores0.Markswillnotbedeductedforincorrectanswers.Nomarkswillbegivenifmorethanoneansweriscompletedforanyquestion.
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Question 4Roywasinaroom,learningthelyricsofasongthathewastoperformataschoolconcert.Whilehewaslearningthelyrics,aclockwastickingnoisilyintheroom.However,Roywasabletofocusandconcentrateonlearningthelyricswithoutbeingdistractedbythesoundoftheclock.Intermsoflevelofawareness,Roy’sabilitytofocusonlearningthelyricsofthesongisA. acontrolledprocessthatinvolvesmentaleffort.B. anautomaticprocessthatinvolvesmentaleffort.C. acontrolledprocessthatinvolvesminimalawareness.D. anautomaticprocessthatinvolvesmaximumawareness.
Question 5Whichoneofthefollowingbestidentifiesthetypeofresponseprovidedbyaspinalreflex?A. voluntaryB. controlledC. involuntaryD. conditioned
Question 6Myelinformsaprotectivecoatingovernerveaxons.AnotherimportantfunctionofmyelinistoA. increasethespeedofelectricalnerveimpulses.B. decreasethespeedofelectricalnerveimpulses.C. preventthetransmissionofneurotransmittersacrosssynapses.D. promotethetransmissionofneurotransmittersacrosssynapses.
Question 7Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsiscorrect?A. Synapticplasticityoccursonlyinearlychildhood.B. Long-termdepressionisbasedontheprinciplethat‘neuronsthatfiretogetherwiretogether’.C. Long-termdepressionmayoccurwhenthenumberofglutamatereceptorsdecreases,strengtheningthesynaptic
responsetothereleaseofneurotransmitters.D. Synapsesarestrengthenedinlong-termpotentiationwhenthenumberofglutamatereceptorsincreases,causing
ahigherexcitatoryresponsetothereleaseofneurotransmitters.
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Use the following information to answer Questions 8 and 9.BarryandTerriareattheAustralianFootballLeagueGrandFinaltogether.Theysupportopposingteamsandarebothexcitedandnervousaboutthegame.
Question 8BothBarry’sandTerri’sexcitementandnervousnessjustpriortothestartofthegameislikelytoproducewhichofthefollowingphysiologicalchanges?A. constrictedpupilsandmuscularrelaxationB. constrictedairwaysandbladderrelaxationC. dilatedpupilsandincreasedreleaseofglucoseD. decreasedheartrateandincreaseddigestivecontractions
Question 9Attheendofthegame,BarryisexperiencingeustressandTerriisexperiencingdistress.WhatisthedominantautonomicnervoussystemdivisionactivatedduringthistimeforBarryandTerri?
Barry Terri
A. sympatheticnervoussystem sympatheticnervoussystem
B. sympatheticnervoussystem parasympatheticnervoussystem
C. parasympatheticnervoussystem sympatheticnervoussystem
D. parasympatheticnervoussystem parasympatheticnervoussystem
Question 10Parkinson’sdiseaseischaracterisedbyA. decreaseddopamineproductionandimprovedmusclemovements.B. increaseddopamineproductionandimprovedmusclemovements.C. decreaseddopamineproductionandimpairedmusclemovements.D. increaseddopamineproductionandimpairedmusclemovements.
Question 11ThealarmreactionstageoftheGeneralAdaptationSyndromeisusuallycharacterisedbyanA. immediatereleaseofcortisolintothebloodstream.B. increaseinvulnerabilitytoillnessessuchasinfluenza.C. initialincreaseinbloodpressureandbodytemperature,followedbyadecreaseinboth.D. initialdecreaseinbloodpressureandbodytemperature,followedbyanincreaseinboth.
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Question 12OnelimitationoftheGeneralAdaptationSyndromeasapsychologicalmodelofstresswithabiologicalprocess isthatA. arat’sresponsetostressorscannotbegeneralisedtoahuman’sresponsebecausetherat’sresponseisless
varied.B. Selyeconsideredtheimpactofpsychologicalstressorsonthehumanbodywithoutconsideringphysiological
stressors.C. itdoesnotprovideanexplanationforwhythehumanbody’slevelofresistancetostressdecreasesduringthe
exhaustionstage.D. Selyeclaimedthat,duringcountershock,thehumanbody’slevelofresistancetostressdecreases;however,itis
actuallyknowntoincrease.
Use the following information to answer Questions 13 and 14.Apsychologistconductedanexperimentusingtheprinciplesofclassicalconditioning.Theexperimentinvestigatedthereflexivesalivationresponseinmonkeysinresponsetothepresentationoffood.Afterestablishingaconditionedresponseusingabell,thepsychologistvariedthetimingbetweenthesoundingofthebellandthepresentationoffood.
Question 13Whatweretheindependentvariable(IV)andthedependentvariable(DV)intheseexperiments?
IV DV
A. presentationoffood soundingofabell
B. soundingofabell presentationoffood
C. amountofsaliva timebetweensoundingofabellandpresentationoffood
D. timebetweensoundingofabellandpresentationoffood
amountofsaliva
Question 14Whatweretheunconditionedstimulus(UCS)andtheconditionedstimulus(CS)intheseexperiments?
UCS CS
A. bell food
B. food bell
C. food saliva
D. saliva food
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Use the following information to answer Questions 15–17.Four-year-oldMaryalwayskickedandscreamedwhenhermotherdressedher.Onemorning,Mary’smothergaveheralollipopandwasthenrelievedtobeabletofinishdressingMarypeacefully.
Question 15Intermsofthethree-phasemodelofoperantconditioning,iftheantecedentstimulusinthisscenarioisconsideredtobethemotherdressingMary,thentheresponsewouldbeA. Maryeatingthelollipop.B. Marykickingandscreaming.C. Mary’smothergivingMarythelollipop.D. Marystoppingthekickingandscreaming.
Question 16Inmanysituations,parentsandchildrencanreinforceeachother’sbehaviours.IftheantecedentstimulusisnowconsideredtobeMarykickingandscreaming,thentheoperantresponsewouldbethemotherA. givingMaryalollipop.B. continuingtodressMary.C. beingrelievedthatMaryisquiet.D. askingMarytocalmdownandbequiet.
Question 17Intermsofoperantconditioning,thereliefexperiencedbyMary’smotherwhenMarystopskickingandscreamingaftershehasreceivedthelollipopisanexampleofA. responsecost.B. stimulusgeneration.C. spontaneousrecovery.D. negativereinforcement.
Question 18MrsFranklin,ascienceteacher,askedherstudentstowatchademonstrationofthedissectionofthespinalcordofamammalandtostoreamentalrepresentationofthedissectedpartsasinformationforlateruse.Whichtwoelementsofobservationallearningdoesthisstrategyreflect?A. attentionandretentionB. retentionandmotivationC. retentionandreinforcementD. motivationandreinforcement
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Question 19Inaninvestigationintoaggressioninchildren,threegroupsofchildrenwereexposedtodifferentconditions:• Thefirstgroupofchildren(GroupA)observedadults,whowereunknowntothem,behavingaggressively
towardssometoys.• Thesecondgroupofchildren(GroupB)observedadults,whowerewell-knownsportsstars,behaving
aggressivelytowardssometoys.• Thethirdgroupofchildren(GroupC)wasacontrolgroupandthisgroupobservedadultsplayingwithsometoys
inanon-aggressivemanner.
Eachgroupwasthenlefttoplaywiththetoysandwasobservedforthenumberofaggressiveactsthatthechildreninthegroupcommitted.Whichoneofthefollowinggraphsmostlikelydepictstheresultofthisinvestigation?
Group A Group B Group C
mean numberof aggressive
acts
A. B.
C. D.
0
5
10
Group A Group B Group C
mean numberof aggressive
acts
0
5
10
Group A Group B Group C
mean numberof aggressive
acts
0
5
10
Group A Group B Group C
mean numberof aggressive
acts
0
5
10
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Use the following information to answer Questions 20–23.Shanehasanintenseandirrationalfearofsnakes,whichhasbeenidentifiedasaphobia.Hethinkssnakeswillattackhimandthathewillgetbittenbyavenomoussnake.Heexperiencesfearevenwhenheisexposedtoaharmlessimageofasnakeinabookorontelevision.Hisheartbeatsfaster,hefeelssweaty,hismouthfeelsdryandheleavestheroom.Toovercomehisphobiaofsnakes,Shaneseekstheadviceofaclinicalpsychologist.
Question 20Shane’sreactiontotheimageofasnakeiscalledtheA. flee-confrontresponse.B. simplephobiaresponse.C. fight-flight-freezeresponse.D. parasympatheticarousalresponse.
Question 21WhichnervoussystemisactivatedduringShane’sreactiontotheimageofasnake?A. parasympatheticnervoussystemB. sympatheticnervoussystemC. centralnervoussystemD. somaticnervoussystem
Question 22Shane’sthoughtsaboutsnakesbeinglikelytoattackhimandaboutgettingbittenbyavenomoussnakeare examplesofA. precipitation.B. memorybias.C. catastrophicthinking.D. anenvironmentaltrigger.
Question 23Shane’spsychologistsuggeststhatagroupofpsychoactiveagentsknownasbenzodiazepinesmaybeusefulinmanagingtheanxietyassociatedwithShane’sphobiaofsnakes.Benzodiazepinesimitatetheactivityoftheneurotransmittergamma-aminobutyricacid(GABA)byA. activatingpost-synapticneuronsinthebraintocalmthebodyandreducearousal.B. activatingpost-synapticneuronsinthebraintoactivatethebodyandincreasearousal.C. inhibitingpost-synapticneuronsinthebraintocalmthebodyandreducearousal.D. inhibitingpost-synapticneuronsinthebraintoactivatethebodyandincreasearousal.
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Use the following information to answer Questions 24–27.JohnWatsonclassicallyconditionedtheemotionalresponseoffearinthe11-month-oldchild‘LittleAlbert’.LittleAlbertwouldcryandtrytocrawlawayfromawhiteratduringWatson’sexperiment.LittleAlbertalsobecamefearfulofotherwhiteobjects,suchasawhiterabbitandaSantaClausmask.
Question 24WhichofthefollowingcorrectlyidentifiesthetypeofmemorydemonstratedbyLittleAlbert’sfearresponseandthepartofthebrainresponsiblefortheconsolidationoffear-conditionedmemories?
Type of memory Part of the brain
A. explicit amygdala
B. implicit amygdala
C. episodic hippocampus
D. procedural hippocampus
Question 25WhichoneofthefollowingbestdescribesLittleAlbert’sfearresponsetothewhiterabbitandtheSantaClausmask?A. reflexresponseB. spontaneousrecoveryC. stimulusgeneralisationD. stimulusdiscrimination
Question 26Withregardtocurrentethicalstandards,whichoneofthefollowingbestidentifiestheethicalconsiderationthatWatsondidnotobservewhenLittleAlbertexhibitedseveredistress?A. privacyB. confidentialityC. informedconsentD. withdrawalrights
Question 27IfLittleAlbert’sconditionedresponsehaddevelopedintoaspecificphobia,whichofthefollowingwouldbeapossiblepredisposingfactorandapossibleperpetuatingfactor?
Predisposing factor Perpetuating factor
A. rumination psychologicaltrauma
B. psychologicaltrauma rumination
C. observationallearning imbalanceofLittleAlbert’sGABAlevels
D. imbalanceofLittleAlbert’sGABAlevels operantconditioning
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Question 28Whichoneofthefollowingstatementsaboutshort-termmemoryismostaccurate?A. Short-termmemoryholdsonlyinformationtransferredfromsensorymemory.B. Allincominginformationisheldinshort-termmemoryforapproximately30minutes.C. Short-termmemoryholdsallsensoryinformationuntilitisencodedintolong-termmemory.D. Short-termmemoryholdsalimitedamountofencodedinformationwhileitisbeingprocessed.
Question 29Garryisdrivinghomefromworkwhenhiswifecallsandaskshimtoget10itemsfromthesupermarket.Garrytriestorepeatthelistoverandovertohimself,inorder,untilhegetstothesupermarket.WhichitemsisGarrymostlikelytobringhome?A. items1and2,and8–10B. themiddlefouritemsC. thelastfiveitemsD. allitems
Question 30KateislearningSpanishasasecondlanguageinpreparationforatripsheistakingtoSouthAmericanextyear.WhichofthefollowingidentifieswhereKateconsolidatesandstoresthenewSpanishwordsinherlong-termmemory?
Where words are consolidated
Where words are stored
A. hippocampus cerebralcortex
B. cerebralcortex hippocampus
C. cerebralcortexandhippocampussimultaneously
hippocampus
D. cerebralcortexandhippocampussimultaneously
bothcerebralcortexandhippocampus
Question 31Peter,ahealthy56-year-oldman,felloffhisbicyclewhileridingtoworkonedayandsustainedheadtrauma.Althoughheregainedconsciousnesssoonaftertheaccidentanddidnotexperienceanyissueswithhisspeechormotorfunctions,hehasbeenunabletorecallanyoftheeventsthathaveoccurredsincetheaccident.Hecan,however,stillrememberallthememoriesofhislifebeforetheaccidentandcanstillrecalltheeventsleadinguptotheaccident.AtaskthatPetershouldstillbeabletodoisA. recallanewbicycleroutetohisworkplace.B. rememberthenamesofthedoctorstreatinghim.C. recitethedetailsofaconversationhehadanhourago.D. useanewpieceofequipmentafterbeingshownhowitworks.
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Question 32Whilerushingoutthedoortogotoschool,Sarahaccidentallysmashedherparents’antiquevase.Shewassoshakenupbytheeventthatshehadtroublesleepingthatnightandkeptreplayingtheincidentinherheadforthenexttwodays.TheneurohormoneinvolvedintheconsolidationofSarah’smemoryoftheincidentisA. GABA.B. dopamine.C. adrenaline.D. abenzodiazepineagent.
Question 33ResearchbyLoftusontheeffectofleadingquestionsoneyewitnesstestimonieshasfoundthatA. exposuretoleadingquestionshasnoimpactonaneyewitness’recollectionofevents.B. eyewitnessmemoriescannotbemanipulatedandare,therefore,highlyreliableasevidenceincourt.C. eyewitnessmemoriesarereconstructionsofeventsthatcanbemanipulatedbyinformationthatisgivenafterthe
event.D. itisunfairtoexpecteyewitnesstestimoniestobeaccurateaspeoplewillrememberonlyeventsthatarepositive.
Question 34Howwillthefrequencyandamplitudeofatypicalperson’sbrainwaveschangebetweenanalertstateandadrowsystate?
Frequency Amplitude
A. increase decrease
B. increase increase
C. decrease decrease
D. decrease increase
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Question 35DrShapiro,aschoolteacher,isscreeningadocumentaryprograminhisclass.Towardstheendoftheclasshenoticesthatsomestudentsarenotwatchingthetelevisionscreen.Maggieisbusyworkingonacrosswordpuzzle,MonicaisstaringdreamilyoutthewindowandKeonghasrecentlyfallenasleepatthetable.Whichofthefollowingidentifiestheprominentbrainwavepatternforeachstudent?
Maggie’s brain waves
Monica’s brain waves
Keong’s brain waves
A. beta alpha delta
B. beta alpha theta
C. alpha beta theta
D. theta alpha delta
Question 36ThefirstultradianrhythmofthenightdiffersfromthelastultradianrhythmofthenightasthefirstultradianrhythmofthenightinvolvesA. moretimespentinnon-rapideyemovement(NREM)sleep.B. moretimespentinrapideyemovement(REM)sleep.C. onlyStage2andStage3ofNREMsleep.D. frequentbriefawakenings.
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Use the following information to answer Questions 37–40.KimagreestoparticipateinasleepresearchstudyconductedbyDrKapoor.DrKapooruseselectroencephalography(EEG),electromyography(EMG)andelectro-oculography(EOG)torecordKim’sphysiologicalchangesoverthecourseofonenightwhileKimisasleep.
Question 37ThetypeofdataDrKapoorisgeneratingisbestdescribedasA. primaryquantitativedata.B. secondaryqualitativedata.C. secondaryquantitativedata.D. primaryrepeated-measuresdata.
Question 38WhatdataaboutKimdotheEEG,EMGandEOGprovideDrKapoorwith?
EEG EMG EOG
A. eyepositionmovementpatterns
brainwavepatterns muscleactivity
B. brainwavepatterns muscleactivity eyepositionmovementpatterns
C. brainwavepatterns eyepositionmovementpatterns
muscleactivity
D. muscleactivity brainwavepatterns eyepositionmovementpatterns
Question 39DrKapooralsowishestoinvestigatetheeffectsofpartialsleepdeprivation.Whichoneofthefollowingstatementswouldbestdescribethefindingsoftheinvestigation?A. Partialsleepdeprivationwouldhavenopsychologicaleffectonparticipants.B. Someparticipantsarelikelytosufferseverephysicaleffectsforseveralweeksfollowingpartialsleep
deprivation.C. Afterpartialsleepdeprivation,participantswouldfinditmoredifficulttoperformsimpletasksthancomplex
tasks.D. Afterpartialsleepdeprivation,participantswouldfinditmoredifficulttoperformcomplextasksthansimple
tasks.
Question 40WhenDrKapoorisstudyinghumansleeppatterns,shemustA. ensureparticipantconfidentiality.B. debriefparticipantsatthestartofthestudy.C. withholdinformationfromparticipantsaboutthenatureofthestudy.D. avoidshort-termdisruptionofparticipants’sleeppatternsforthepurposeofthestudy.
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Use the following information to answer Questions 41 and 42.Thefollowinggraphsshowthetypicalsleepcyclesfortwodistinctagegroups.
awake
REM
Stage 1
1 2 3 4
hours of sleep
5 6 7 8
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
awake
REM
Stage 1
1 2 3 4
hours of sleep
Age group 2
Age group 1
5 6 7 8
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Source:DNNeubauer,‘Sleepproblemsintheelderly’,inAmerican Family Physician,May1999,59(9),pp.2551–2558; ©1999AmericanAcademyofFamilyPhysicians
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Question 41WhosetypicalsleepcyclesarerepresentedbyAgegroup1andAgegroup2?
Age group 1 Age group 2
A. infant adolescent
B. infant elderlyperson
C. adolescent elderlyperson
D. elderlyperson infant
Question 42Accordingtotherestorationtheoryofsleep,theindividualsinAgegroup1spendmoretimeinREMsleepthantheindividualsinAgegroup2A. inordertoconserveenergyandasprotectionfromharm.B. inordertorestorebiologicalprocessessuchasmuscleandtissuerepair.C. becauseexperiencingmoredeepsleepatnightenhancesthechanceofsurvival.D. inordertorestorementalprocessessothatneuralcircuitsareconsolidatedorstrengthened.
Question 43AlisonisinYear11.Onmostweeknightsshegoestobedafterherparentsassheoftendoesnotfeelsleepyuntilmidnight.Shegetsupeachweekdaymorningat6.00amtogotoschoolbutfeelstiredduringmostschooldays.Onweekends,whenshecansleepuninterrupted,sheseldomwakesupbefore10.00am.Comparedtoherparents,AlisonislikelytotakelongertofeeltiredlateratnightduetoA. alackofchangeinhermelatoninlevels.B. adecreaseinhermelatoninlevels.C. adelayedreleaseofmelatonin.D. anearlierreleaseofmelatonin.
Question 44Ariisanursewhodoesshiftworkinahospital.Hisrosterusuallyconsistsofaweekofnightshiftsfollowedbyaweekofdayshifts.Arihasdifficultysleepingatnightduringtheweeksofdayshiftsandisconstantlytired.Ari’sdoctorhasrecommendedbright-lighttherapytoimprovehissleepduringweeksofdayshifts.Itislikelythatbright-lighttherapywillassistAribyresettinghisA. circadianrhythmsasheisexperiencingparasomnia.B. ultradianrhythmsasheisexperiencingparasomnia.C. circadianrhythmsasheisexperiencingacircadianphasedisorder.D. ultradianrhythmsasheisexperiencingacircadianphasedisorder.
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Use the following information to answer Questions 45–48.Fraserisunderalotofstressatworkand,asaresult,isexperiencingpartialsleepdeprivation.Heoftenfeelstiredduringthedayandhasrecentlybeendrinkinguptosixcupsofcoffeedailytostayalertatwork.Fraserseekstheassistanceofapsychologisttodealwithhisstress,andtoimprovehisoverallmentalhealthandwellbeing.
Question 45Intermsofthedevelopmentofmentalhealthdisorders,Fraser’songoingsleepdeprivationcouldbeconsideredaA. biologicalpredisposingriskfactor.B. biologicalprecipitatingriskfactor.C. psychologicalprecipitatingriskfactor.D. psychologicalperpetuatingriskfactor.
Question 46WhenFraserconsumescaffeinetoincreasehislevelofalertness,anEEGwouldshowabrainwavepatternthathasA. low-amplitudeandlow-frequencywaves.B. low-amplitudeandhigh-frequencywaves.C. high-amplitudeandlow-frequencywaves.D. high-amplitudeandhigh-frequencywaves.
Question 47ThepsychologistrecommendsthatFrasertrytoreducehisdailycaffeineintaketotwocupsofcoffeeinthemorningandtoavoidusingelectronicdeviceswithinonehourofgoingtobed.Fraserbelievesthatthisplanisachievableandthathecanmakethesechangesoverthenexttwoweeks.Accordingtothetranstheoreticalmodelofbehaviourchange,FraserismostlikelyinthestageofA. action.B. preparation.C. contemplation.D. pre-contemplation.
Question 48Thefollowingweek,Fraserrestrictshisdailycaffeineintaketotwocupsofcoffeeinthemorning.However,hefindsitdifficulttoavoidusinghismobilephonewithinonehourofgoingtobedasheregularlyusesthattimetocatchuponthedailynewsbyreadingitonhismobilephonewhileinbed.Intermsofhistwogoalsofreducinghisdailycaffeineintakeandnotusingelectronicdeviceswithinonehourofgoingtobed,itismostlikelythatFraserisinthestagesof,respectivelyA. actionandpreparation.B. contemplationandaction.C. actionandcontemplation.D. pre-contemplationandrelapse.
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Use the following information to answer Questions 49 and 50.Leanneplaysthedrumsinabandwithherfriends.Thebandwasaskedtoperformathercousin’s21stbirthdayparty.Leannefeltverystressedaboutperforminginfrontofanaudienceand,ontheeveningoftheparty,shefeltsickandaskedthebandmemberstoperformwithouther.Leannestayedathomeinsteadofgoingtotheparty.Thenexttimethebandperformedataparty,Leannebeganplayingwiththebandbutimmediatelyexperiencedsweatypalms,anincreaseinherbreathingrateandarapidpulseasshestoodinfrontoftheaudience.Shestoppedplayingwiththeband,saidthatshefeltsickandwenthome.Leannehassubsequentlycontinuedtomakeexcusesandstayathomeeverytimeshehasbeenaskedtoperformwiththebandatapartybecause,everytimeshethinksofplayinginpublic,sheexperiencesfeelingsofintensefearandworry,shortnessofbreath,sweating,trembling,nauseaanddizziness.
Question 49Accordingtobehaviouralmodels,itislikelythatLeannehasA. anxietyassociatedwithperforminginpublicthatinvolvesprecipitationbyoperantconditioningand
perpetuationbyclassicalconditioning.B. stressassociatedwithperforminginpublicthatinvolvesprecipitationbyclassicalconditioningandperpetuation
byoperantconditioning.C. enjoymentwhenperforminginpublicthatinvolvesprecipitationbyoperantconditioningandperpetuationby
classicalconditioning.D. aphobiaofperforminginpublicthatinvolvesprecipitationbyclassicalconditioningandperpetuationby
operantconditioning.
Question 50Concernedabouthercontinuedreluctancetoperforminpublic,Leanne’sfriendssuggestedthatsheseeapsychologist.ThepsychologistworkswithLeannetodevelopstrategiestominimiseherreluctancetoperforminpublic.ThepsychologistfirstsuggeststhatLeanneperformwithherbandinfrontofaclosefriend,nominatedbyLeanne,infamiliarsurroundings.WhenLeanneisabletodothatwithoutfeelinganxious,thepsychologistsuggeststhatshepractiseplayingwiththebandinfrontofasmallgroupoffriendsinfamiliarsurroundings.ThenextstepinvolvesLeanneperformingwiththebandinfrontofasmallgroupoffriendsinunfamiliarsurroundings.Eventually,Leannewasabletoperformwiththebandinpublic.ThetreatmentusedbythepsychologistwasA. extinction.B. cognitivebias.C. systematicdesensitisation.D. cognitivebehaviouraltherapy(CBT).
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SECTION B – continued
Question 1 (2marks)Ruby,ajournalist,frequentlytravelsoverseasforworkbutfindsitdifficulttosleeponanaeroplane.Duringarecent16-hour,non-stopflightfromMelbournetoLosAngeles,shesleptinshortburstsof30minutesforatotaloffourhours.UponherarrivalatLosAngeles,Rubywentstraighttoanimportantinterview.
StateoneemotionaleffectandonecognitiveeffectthatRubymayhaveexperiencedasaresultofherpartialsleepdeprivation.
Emotionaleffect
Cognitiveeffect
Question 2 (2marks)Identifyone consequenceofdisorganisedattachmentbyacaregiveronthesocialdevelopmentofachildanddescribehowthisconsequencecouldleadtothepotentialdevelopmentofamentalhealthdisorderlaterinlife.
Question 3 (2marks)Threemonthsago,45-year-oldMiloslosthisjobatacompanywherehehadworkedfor25years.Heisstillunemployeddespiteapplyingformanyjobs.Miloshastwoteenagechildrenlivingathomeandhiswifeworksfull-timeasateacher.Beforelosinghisjob,MiloshadpromisedtotakehisfamilyonanoverseasholidayforChristmas.Milosishavingdifficultysleepingbutismakingsurethatheeatswellandexercisesdaily.Hehasalsorecentlymadecontactwithajobagencythatprovideshimwithjobapplicationandinterviewskills.
Withreferencetocumulativerisk,commentonthelikelihoodofMilosdevelopingamentalhealthdisorder.
SECTION B
Instructions for Section BAnswerall questionsinthespacesprovided.Writeusingblueorblackpen.
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
Question 4 (4marks)Vickyhasbeenhavingtennislessonsatherlocaltennisclubforanumberofyears.However,duringherlastthreesocialmatches,wheresheplayedwiththreeofherfriendsattheclub,shemadeahighnumberoferrorswhenrequiredtoswingherracquetbackwards.Vicky’stenniscoachsuggestedthattheyfocusonchangingherbackwardsswingtechniqueoverseveralweeks.
a. Describetheroleoflong-termpotentiationandlong-termdepression,intermsofneuralplasticity,whenVickylearnshernewbackwardsswingtechnique. 2marks
Long-termpotentiation
Long-termdepression
b. OnceVickyhadmasteredhernewbackwardsswingtechnique,shewasselectedtoplayinacompetitionmatchatadifferenttennisclub.Priortothematch,thepalmsofherhandsbecamesweatyandherheartstartedracing.Duringtheearlypartofthematch,sheforgothowtokeepthescore.
Explainhowstate-dependentcuescouldhaveledtoVicky’sinabilitytorememberhowtokeepthescoreforthematch. 2marks
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SECTION B – Question 5–continued
Question 5 (10marks)AlexandDannyarebothstudentswhohavebeenselectedtotryoutforanationalunder-21footballsquad.AlthoughAlexknowsthatheisagoodplayer,heisfeelingoverwhelmedbythelevelofcompetitionforaplaceinthenationalsquadandisconcernedthatheisnotgoodenoughtogainsquadselection.Forthepastsixmonths,Alexhashaddifficultyfallingasleepatnight.Heisoftenstillawakeat2.00amdespitehavinggonetobed,onmostnights,ataround10.30pm.Asbedtimeapproaches,Alexworriesthathewillnotbeabletofallasleep.Ontheotherhand,Dannyisenjoyingfootballtrainingandispleasedwithhisskilldevelopment.Heisconfidentofsquadselection,doesnotfeelexcessivelystressedandhasnotroublesleeping.
a. IdentifyoneexampleofAlex’spoorself-efficacy. 1mark
b. DefinethelikelysleepdisturbancefromwhichAlexissuffering. 1mark
c. Explainhowcognitivebehaviouraltherapy(CBT)couldbeusedtotreatAlex’ssleepdisturbance. 3marks
d. ExplainwhyAlexandDannymayhaveevaluatedtheirsituationsdifferentlyintermsoftheprimaryappraisalstageofLazarusandFolkman’sTransactionalModelofStressandCoping. 3marks
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
e. OutlineanapproachstrategythatcouldhelpAlexreducehislevelsofstress. 2marks
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SECTION B – Question 6–continued
Question 6 (10marks)Callumissufferingfromamentalhealthdisorderthatisbeingtreatedwithmedication.HislegalguardianhasbeenaskedtoprovideinformedconsentforCallumtoparticipateinaresearchstudyforanewmedication,Chloromidiside,whichisbeingdevelopedtopotentiallytreatthedisorderCallumissufferingfrom.Aspartofthestudy,Callummayeitherbeallocatedtotheexperimentalgroupthatwillreceivethetrialmedicationortothecontrolgroupthatwillreceiveaplacebotreatment.IfCallumparticipatesinthestudy,hewillberequiredtostophiscurrentmedication.
a. Psychologicalresearchrequirestheapplicationofanumberofresearchdesignprinciples.
i. Outlinethepurposeofthecontrolgroupasitrelatestothisstudy. 1mark
ii. Whymighttheuseofaplacebotreatmentbeofethicalconcerninrelationtothisstudy? 1mark
iii. WhydidtheresearchersseekinformedconsentfromCallum’slegalguardian? 1mark
b. Poorresponsetomedicationduetogeneticfactorscanbeconsideredbothabiologicalriskfactorandaperpetuatingriskfactor.
Inrelationtothisresearchstudy,explainwhatismeantby‘biologicalriskfactor’and‘perpetuatingriskfactor’. 2marks
Biologicalriskfactor
Perpetuatingriskfactor
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
c. Inadifferentmentalhealthstudy,theresearcherswereinterestedincomparingtheeffectivenessofthreeevidence-basedinterventions(biological,psychological,social)foraparticularmentalhealthdisorder.Eachparticipantcompletedaself-reportpriortotreatment,afterfourweeksoftreatmentandagainaftersevenweeksoftreatment.Participantsratedtheirimprovementonascaleofoneto10(thehigherthescore,themoretheyfelttheyhadimproved).Theresultsareshowninthetablebelow.
Biological intervention
(Chloromidiside)
Psychological intervention
(psychotherapy)
Social intervention (family support)
Mean self-report score prior to treatment
3.3 3.2 3.4
Mean self-report score after four weeks
5.8 3.9 6.5
Mean self-report score after seven weeks
6.1 7.5 5.9
i. Identifyonestrengthandonelimitationofself-reports. 2marks
Strength
Limitation
ii. Usethedatainthetabletocomparetheeffectivenessofthethreeevidence-basedinterventions. 3marks
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SECTION B – Question 7–continued
Question 7 (16marks)ForherextendedVCEPsychologypracticalinvestigation,Ameliadecidedtoinvestigateencodinginshort-termmemory.Sheusedarandomsampleof30studentsfromacohortof150Year10studentsatherschool.Twolistsofmonosyllabicwordswerereadouttoparticipantsintheinvestigation:• List1–key,pea,ski,flea,tea,bee,knee,tree,sea(monosyllabicwordsthatrhyme)• List2–sock,bean,stick,ant,milk,fly,leg,leaf,sand(monosyllabicwordsthatdonotrhyme)
All30participantslistenedtotworeadingsofthewordsinList1andwerethengiventwominutestowritedownthewordsthattheyrecalled.Next,theyalllistenedtotworeadingsofthewordsinList2andwerethengiventwominutestowritedownthewordsthattheyrecalled.
a. IdentifythedependentvariableandtheindependentvariableinAmelia’sresearchinvestigation. 2marks
Dependentvariable
Independentvariable
b. NametheexperimentalresearchdesignthatAmeliausedinthisinvestigationandstateonedisadvantageofthischoiceofdesign. 2marks
Experimentalresearchdesign
Disadvantage
c. Ameliausedrandomsamplingtoselecttheparticipantsforherinvestigation.
i. Explainwhyrandomsamplingisabetterchoiceofsamplingtechniqueforthisinvestigationthanconveniencesampling. 2marks
ii. OutlineamethodthatAmeliacouldhaveusedtotakearandomsampleoftheYear10students. 2marks
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SECTION B – Question 7–continuedTURN OVER
d. Ameliacalculatedthemeanandthestandarddeviationforeachlistinthefindingsofherinvestigationandpresentedthefollowingresultsinherscientificposter.
List 1 (monosyllabic words
that rhyme)
List 2 (monosyllabic words that do not rhyme)
Mean number of words recalled
4.2 6.7
Standard deviation 1.8 0.8
i. ExplainwhatthemeansinAmelia’sinvestigationsuggestaboutencodinginshort-termmemory. 2marks
ii. WhatdothestandarddeviationsinAmelia’sinvestigationsuggestaboutencodinginshort-termmemory? 1mark
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SECTION B – continued
e. Intheconclusionsectionofherscientificposter,AmeliaproposedthatherinvestigationcouldbeextendedtofindoutwhetherthewordsinList2wouldbemoreeasilyrememberediftheywerepresentedalongsidepictures;forexample,iftheword‘sock’waspresentedalongsideapictureofasock.
i. AssumeAmeliausesthesameparticipantsfromtheoriginalpracticalinvestigation.
WhattypeofexperimentalresearchdesigncouldAmeliausefortheproposedextendedinvestigation?Giveareasonforyourresponse. 2marks
ii. PredicttheresultsofAmelia’sproposedextendedinvestigation,usingrelevantpsychologicalconceptstojustifyyourresponse. 3marks
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
CONTINUES OVER PAGE
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SECTION B – Question 8–continued
Question 8 (14marks)Arecentincreaseinthenumberofcaraccidentsasaresultofdrivererrorhascreatedconcernforboththegovernmentandthepolice.Thegovernmenthasofferedtoprovidefundingforapublicawarenesscampaignoncethepolicehaveidentifiedtheprobablecausesoftheincreaseincaraccidents.Afterreviewingthecircumstancesaroundcaraccidents,trafficpolicespecialistsidentifiedtwopossiblefactorstheybelievemayhavecontributedtomostofthedrivererrors:1. thelegalbloodalcoholconcentration(BAC)fordriving,whichiscurrently0.05,istoohigh2. anincreaseindrivertirednessAteamofpsychologistswasemployedtoconductaninvestigationtodeterminewhichofthetwopossiblefactorshadthemostnegativeeffectondrivers.Thefactorwiththegreatestnegativeeffectwouldbethefocusofthepublicawarenesscampaign.Thepsychologistsadvertisedonsocialmediaforvolunteersaged21andover,andwhoholdacurrentfulldriver’slicence,toparticipateintheinvestigation.Eighthundredeligiblevolunteerswereallocatedtogroupsbasedonthefollowingageranges.
Age range of group 21–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 80+
Thepsychologistsrandomlyselected50volunteersfromeachgrouptoparticipateintheinvestigation,givingatotalof350participants.Theparticipantswererequiredtovisittheinvestigationvenueonceperweekforthreeconsecutiveweeks.Oneachdaythattheparticipantswereatthevenue,theycompleteda30-minutedrivingtaskinadrivingsimulatorunderthefollowingconditions.
Day BAC condition Previous night’s sleep condition
1 0.00 normalnight’ssleep
2 0.00 totallysleepdeprived
3 0.05 normalnight’ssleep
Thenumberofdrivingerrorsmadebytheparticipantsinthedrivingsimulatorwasrecorded.Theresultsoftheinvestigationareshowninthetablebelow.
Day Mean number of driving errors for all age groups
1 5.2
2 22.3
3 21.7
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SECTION B – Question 8–continuedTURN OVER
a. Writearesearchhypothesisfortheinvestigation. 2marks
b. Representtheresultsoftheinvestigationinacorrectlylabelledgraphicalrepresentationusingthegridprovidedbelow. 2marks
c. Writeaconclusionthatcouldbedrawnfromtheresultsoftheinvestigation. 2marks
d. Withrespecttotheinvestigation,explainwhatismeantby‘validity’and‘reliability’. 2marks
Validity
Reliability
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SECTION B – continued
e. Explaintheeffectsonconsciousness,particularlycognition,thatarerelevanttodrivingavehiclewithalegalBACof0.05comparedtoonenightoffullsleepdeprivation.
Inyourresponse,referto:• theresultsofthisresearch• relevantpsychologicalconcepts• advicethatcouldbegiventothegovernmentandthepoliceregardingthefocusandcontentofthe
publicawarenesscampaigntoreducethenumberofcaraccidents. 6marks
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SECTION B – continuedTURN OVER
CONTINUES OVER PAGE
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SECTION B – Question 9–continued
Question 9 (10marks)DrWrightvisitedalocalkindergartentotalktothechildrenaboutgoodoralhealth.Attheendofthevisit,sheprovidedeachchildwithaninformationpackthatcontainedatoothbrush,toothpaste,stickersandcolouring-insheet.Theinformationpackalsoincludedapamphletfortheirparents,asshownbelow.
Avoiding fear of the dentist
Itisimportantforyourchildtovisitthedentisttomaintainhealthyteethandgums.Childrendonothaveanaturalfearofthedentist;however,somechildrenmayexperiencestressoranxietythatisassociatedwithdentaltreatment.Ifnoteffectivelymanaged,thismaydevelopintoaphobia.Childrenoftenlearntobefearfulofthedentistsubjectivelythroughobservingwhatotherpeoplesayanddo.
Thegoodnewsisthatyoucanhelptominimisethisfear!Hereisalistofthingsthatmaycontributetopositivedentalexperiencesforyourchild:
1. Choosetherightdentist.Askifthedentisthasexperienceworkingwithchildrenandvisittheclinictoseeifitisfamilyfriendly.Isthereceptionistwelcoming?Aretheretoysinthewaitingroom?Istherepositivepre-visitimagery(i.e.friendlypicturesofteethonthewall,nographicpostersofgumdisease)?
2. Chooseyourwordscarefully.Avoidwordsthatyourchildmayassociatewithpain,suchas‘needle’,‘injection’or‘hurt’,anddonotmakepromisesyoucannotkeep,forexample,saying‘Everythingwillbefine’.Dependingonyourchild’sdevelopmentallevel,youcouldsaysomethinglike,‘Thedentistwillcheckyoursmileandcountyourteeth’.Youshouldalsoavoidsayingthingslike,‘Ifyoudon’tbrushyourteeth,you’llhavetogotothedentist’,asthismaycreateanegativeperceptionandappraisalofthedentistbyyourchild.
3. Considerrole-play.Youcouldplay‘pretend’withyourchildandtakeitinturnstobethedentistandpatient.Whendoingthis,includesuggestionssuchas,‘Openyourmouthlikeatigerroaring’or‘Letmeseehowmanyteethyouhave’.
4. Focusonyourchild’sowndentalexperience.Avoidtalkingaboutyourownfearsofthedentistorhowmuchithurtwhenyouhaddentaltreatmentinthepast,whentreatmentwaslessadvancedandmoreinvasive.Avoidtakingyourchildtoyourowndentalappointmentsifyouknowyouwillshowsignsofstressoranxiety.
5. Actearly.Apositiveearlydentalexperiencecanresultinfutureeustressratherthandistresswhenvisitingthedentist.Preventivecarecanalsominimisetheneedforinvasiveinterventionsinvolvinginjections,fillingsorextractions.Negativeemotionsrelatedtoinvasiveinterventionscanlastforalongtimeandmayleadtoafight-flight-freezeresponseatthethoughtofreturningtothedentist.
6. Avoidbribery.Offeringyourchildabribemaymakethemthinkgoingtothedentistmustbeunpleasant,and/ormayresultintheirrefusaltoattendfuturedentalappointmentswithoutareward.Additionally,ifyoupromiseyourchildasugarytreat,suchasalollipop,inreturnforavisittothedentist,thiscanreinforcethewrongmessageabouttherelationshipbetweensugarandcavities.
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SECTION B – Question 9–continuedTURN OVER
Analysehowtheadviceinthepamphletdrawsonpsychologicalconceptstoreducethelikelihoodofachildexperiencingstressoranxietyanddevelopingaspecificphobiaofthedentist.Supportyouranalysiswithreferencetoatleastoneexampleofeachofthefollowing:• contributingbiologicalfactor• contributingbehaviouralmodel• evidence-basedsocialintervention
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END OF QUESTION AND ANSWER BOOK
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TURN OVER
Extra space for responses
Clearly number all responses in this space.
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PSYCHOLOGY (SAMPLE – ANSWERS)
© VCAA 2017 – Version 2 – April 2017
Answers to multiple-choice questions
Question Answer Question Answer
1 B 26 D
2 B 27 D
3 D 28 D
4 A 29 A
5 C 30 A
6 A 31 D
7 D 32 C
8 C 33 C
9 A 34 D
10 C 35 B
11 D 36 A
12 A 37 A
13 D 38 B
14 B 39 C
15 B 40 A
16 A 41 C
17 D 42 D
18 A 43 C
19 D 44 C
20 C 45 B
21 B 46 B
22 C 47 B
23 C 48 A
24 B 49 D
25 C 50 C