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VCE SociologyUnit 3 Outcome 1Community and society
‘The way changes in economic, social and political institutions have affected the experience and representations of community’
Changes to community
•Sociology is all about “change”•Some of the biggest changes to the
concept and history of community occurred because of the agrarian revolution and industrial revolution
•More recently change has come from political, economic and social institutions
Changes to community
• In groups, brainstorm examples of changes in a contemporary community because of:▫Political change▫Economic change▫Environmental change▫Technological▫Social change
Changes to community
•Karl Polanyi’s (1973) Great Transformation outlines six changes that impacted significantly on society▫ Economic – the rise in capitalism▫ Technological – machinery replacing manual labour▫ Knowledge – rise of intellectual/scientific thinking▫ Population – change in demographics▫ Political – rise of nation-state and democracy▫ Colonialism – global expansion through colonies
Changes to community
• In groups come up with examples of how the Great Transformations impacted on social groupings
•List other significant changes not on the list and justify their inclusion
•Now rank the transformations in terms of their impact with the most significant change at the top and least at the bottom
Representation
• Refers to the different meanings or understanding attached to the word community, or how it is “classified”▫ e.g. traditional, gesellschaft, type 1, etc
• The representation of a community may change▫ e.g. a traditional community may change to
a modern community because of government rezoning, urban sprawl, etc
Experience•The experience of community focuses on
the sense of community rather than its structure, form or physical features▫e.g. how members feel rather than how the
community is classified•It involves a feeling that members have of
belonging and a connection to one another and the group
•A sense of community is often described as a “sense of belonging” or “community spirit”
Institutions• Sociologists often reserve the term
“institution” to describe normative systems that operate in five basic areas of life, which may be designated as the primary institutions.▫ In determining kinship▫ In providing for the legitimate use of power▫ In regulating the distribution of goods and
services▫ In transmitting knowledge from one generation
to the next▫ In regulating our relation to the supernatural
www.sociologyguide.com/basic-concepts/Social-Institutions.php
Institutions• In shorthand form, or as concepts, these five
basic institutions are called:▫Family▫Government▫Economy▫Education▫Religion
www.sociologyguide.com/basic-concepts/Social-Institutions.php
Institutions• Institutions underpin the norms and values of a
society and can act as agents of social control▫ e.g. they shape our behaviour through formal and
“unwritten” rules• Institutions have interdependent relationships
with each other (they need each other, and change to one institution filters into changes to another)▫ e.g. changes to the institution of marriage may
impact the institution of family• Society is always changing and so are institutions
Political institutions•The relatively permanent social systems
through which power is distributed and exercised in society
•The structures often formally regulate the behaviour of individuals through:▫Police force▫Laws and government policy▫Local council regulations▫Political parties and NGOs▫Election process
Economic institutions• Organisations that ensure economic stability
through the production, distribution and consumption of goods and services▫ Financial institutions (banks)▫ Australian reserve bank▫ Taxation system▫ Award wages▫ Social welfare organisations▫ The World Bank▫ Companies (workplace)▫ Share market
Environmental institutions
•Organisations that make decisions that affect environmental performance▫Kyoto Protocol▫Copenhagen Treaty▫Greenpeace
Technological institutions
•Organisations that control access to information and communication technology and other forms of technology▫Telstra▫Google▫Mac/Windows▫Laboratories
Social institutions•Set of organised rules and beliefs that
establish how societies attempt to meet their basic social needs
•These beliefs help to shape people’s behaviour▫Schools▫Religious groups▫Family▫The media▫Ethnic/cultural groups
Changes to representation
•The following table shows examples of how the “representation” of community has changed because of PEETS
Community before Type of change Community after
Traditional (homogenous) Political changeMulticulturalism policy
Modern (heterogeneous)
Type 1 (face-to-face advice) Economic changeCounselling funding cut
Type 3 (telephone advice)
Gesellschaft (anomie) Environmental changeeGate
Gemeinschaft (connection)
Type 1 and 2 (geographic) Technological changeInternet
Type 2 (virtual)
Traditional (1/4 acre block) Social changeUrbanisation
Modern (apartments)
Changes to representation
•Come up with your own examples of how PEETS have changed a community▫If you get stuck, you may want to consult
the “Change to community experience and representation” handout
Community before Type of change Community after
Political
Economic
Environmental
Technological
Social
Changes to experience• The following table shows examples of how the
“experience” of community has changed because of PEETS
Community before Type of change Community after
Wallan (50km from Melbourne): zoned as rural
Political changeForced urbanisation
Rezoned as inner-regional and they lost rural retention grant for doctors resulting
in shortage and need to travel for medical help
Government school: reasonable class sizes and access to resources
Economic changeGlobal Financial Crisis
Nearing capacity as enrolments from ex-independent school students increase
Farmers: not dependent on state water supplies
Environmental changeDrought
Forced off land due to lack of natural water and state water restrictions
Kids with illness or disability: missing out on real world friendships
Technological changeSocial networking site for young people
with illness/disability
A safe place online to interact with others in a similar situation
Albury art enthusiasts: enjoyed display of Henson photographs
Social changeMore awareness of childhood sexualisation and pedophilia
Albury City Council removed some Henson images despite not receiving any
complaints
Changes to experience
•Develop examples of how changes in PEETS has changed how members experience their community
Community before Type of change Community after
Political
Economic
Environmental
Technological
Social
TO DO
•Write definitions of the following terms in your glossary:▫Experience of community▫Institutions▫Representation of community