Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes by Atiq ur Rehman http ...€¦ · 3. Vector spaces, de nition and...

Post on 26-Aug-2020

14 views 1 download

transcript

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

by

Atiq ur Rehman

http://www.MathCity.org/atiq

Partial Contents1. Rings; definition and examples 1

2. Field, definition and examples 1

3. Vector spaces, definition and examples 2

4. Subspaces, definition and related theorems 3

5. Linear sum, definition and related theorems 4

6. Homomorphism, kernel, linear combination 6

7. Linear span, related theorem 7

8. Finite dimensional vector space, linear dependent and independent, related theorem 8

9. Basis of a vector space and related theorems 10

10. Quotient space and related theorems 15

11. Internal direct sum, external direct sum, vector space homomorphism and relatedtheorems 19

12. Hom(V,W) and related theorems 26

13. Dual spaces and related theorems 32

14. Null space, nullity and related theorems 34

15. Eigen value, eigen vector, examples and related theorems 34

16. Characteristic polynomial/equation/matrix, examples and related theorem 46

17. Calay Hamilton theorem 48

18. Minimum polynomial (or minimal polynomial) and related theorems 50

19. Similar matrices and related theorems 55

Available at http://www.MathCity.org/mscIt is highly recommended that DON’T use these notes as a reference.

If you have any question, ask at http://forum.mathcity.org

MathCity.org is a non-profit organization, working to promote mathematics in Pakistan. Ifyou have anything (notes, model paper, old paper etc.) to share with other peoples, youcan send us to publish on MathCity.org. You may earn money by participating. For moreinformation visit: http://www.MathCity.org/participate

1

[1]

MathCity.org Merging man and maths

Vector Spaces (Handwritten notes) Written by: AWritten by: AWritten by: AWritten by: Atiq ur Rehman, Class: BS or MSc (Maths)tiq ur Rehman, Class: BS or MSc (Maths)tiq ur Rehman, Class: BS or MSc (Maths)tiq ur Rehman, Class: BS or MSc (Maths)

Available online at http://www.MathCity.org , Version: 1.0.0

www.MathCity.org

[2]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[3]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[4]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

********************************************** Available online at http://www.MathCity.org

**********************************************

www.MathCity.org

[5]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[6]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[7]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

********************************************** Available online at http://www.MathCity.org

**********************************************

www.MathCity.org

[8]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

********************************************** Available online at http://www.MathCity.org

**********************************************

• Home � http://www.mathcity.org

o FSc � http://www.mathcity.org/fsc

o BSc � http://www.mathcity.org/bsc

o MSc � http://www.mathcity.org/msc

o MPhil/PhD � http://www.mathcity.org/mphil-phd

o Old papers � http://www.mathcity.org/papers

o E-Books � http://www.mathcity.org/e-books

www.MathCity.org

[9]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[10]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

• Home � http://www.mathcity.org

o FSc � http://www.mathcity.org/fsc

o BSc � http://www.mathcity.org/bsc

o MSc � http://www.mathcity.org/msc

o MPhil/PhD � http://www.mathcity.org/mphil-phd

o Old papers � http://www.mathcity.org/papers

o E-Books � http://www.mathcity.org/e-books

www.MathCity.org

[11]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[12]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

********************************************** Available online at http://www.MathCity.org

**********************************************

www.MathCity.org

[13]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[14]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

**********************************************

Available online at http://www.MathCity.org

**********************************************

www.MathCity.org

[15]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[16]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

• Home � http://www.mathcity.org

o FSc � http://www.mathcity.org/fsc

o BSc � http://www.mathcity.org/bsc

o MSc � http://www.mathcity.org/msc

o MPhil/PhD � http://www.mathcity.org/mphil-phd

o Old papers � http://www.mathcity.org/papers

o E-Books � http://www.mathcity.org/e-books

**********************************************

Available online at http://www.MathCity.org

**********************************************

www.MathCity.org

[17]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[18]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[19]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[20]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[21]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[22]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[23]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[24]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[25]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[26]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[27]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[28]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[29]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[30]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[31]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[32]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[33]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[34]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[35]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[36]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[37]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[38]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[39]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[40]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[41]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[42]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[43]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[44]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[45]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[46]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[47]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[48]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[49]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[50]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[51]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[52]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[53]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[54]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[55]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[56]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes

www.MathCity.org

[57]

Vector Spaces: Handwritten notes