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Vineyard Site PreparationVineyard Site Preparation
Planting &Planting &
Trellis SystemsTrellis Systems
Dr. Paul DomotoDept. of Horticulture
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Vineyard Site PreparationVineyard Site Preparation
Determine if the site is suitable for a vineyard. Climate
Topography
SoilsOne year in advance to planting: Test the soil for pH, P, K, Mg, Zn and O.M.
Amend the soil as needed for pH, P, K, Mg, & Zn.
Correct any internal drainage problems. Begin planning the vineyard layout.
Order your vines.
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Cultivar SelectionCultivar Selection Adaptation to your climatic conditions.
Intended Use (Market):
- Fresh
- Juice / Jam / Jelly
- Wine
Sell to a winery Establish your own winery
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Cultivar Selection for WineCultivar Selection for Wine
Sell to a Winery: What adapted cultivars do
the wineries want?
- Proven cultivar
- New cultivar
How much do they want? Are they willing to develop
a long-term contract?
Establish a Winery: What do customers want? What adapted cultivars
make quality wine? What styles of wine do I
want to make? How much risk am I
willing to take?
- Cultivar adaptation- New cultivars
Develop a sound business / marketing plan before planting!
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Vineyard LayoutVineyard Layout
Row Spacing:
9 to 12 feet (depends on equipment size)
Vine Spacing within Rows:
6 to 8 feet (depends on vine vigor) Number of Vines per Acre:
6 x 9 = 807 7 x 9 = 691 8 x 9 = 605
6 x 10 = 726 7 x 10 = 622 8 x 10 = 5458 x 10 = 545
6 x 12 = 605 7 x 12 = 518 8 x 12 = 454
Direction of Rows
North / South Preferred
Across Slope or Contoured
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Planting on a ContourPlanting on a Contour
Straight rows are preferred for stretching wire, but rowscan be planted on a contour if the sharpness of the curvedoes not exceed 5 degrees per 30 ft of span. Pivot posts
should be at least 4 dia. x 9 and driven 3 deep.
5o
A plywood template can be made to gauge a 5 degree curve.
8
8.25
Pivot Post
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Shape of the FieldShape of the Field
N
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0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
# of Line Post per Row
#ofPostper
Acre
Line @ 21 ft
Line @ 24 ft
Line @ 28 ft
End @ 21 ft
End @ 24 ft
End @ 28 ft
Number of Post per AcreNumber of Post per Acre
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Cost of Trellis Posts per AcreCost of Trellis Posts per Acre
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
2200
2400
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
# of Line Post per Row
Dollars
Line @ 21 ft
Line @ 24 ft
Line @ 28 ft
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Vineyard Site PreparationVineyard Site Preparation
A Year in advance of planting: Determine if the soil is suitable for grapes. Order vines.
Fall in advance of planting:
Kill problem perennial weeds. Amend the soil as needed. Subsoil if needed.
Soil needs to be dry. Should be done in two directions, diagonal to each other.
Seed the field to establish an erosion-controlling sod.Winter in advance of planting: Determine final vineyard layout. Order trellis materials for spring delivery.
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Vineyard Site PreparationVineyard Site Preparation
Spring of planting:
Layout the vineyard.
Square the field.
Mark the location of the rows.
Kill out sod strips for the vine rows.
Mark the location for the vines.
Plant the vines.
With an auger. With a tree planter.
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Vineyard LayoutVineyard Layout
A B
C
40
30
50
33--44--5 Right Triangle Rule5 Right Triangle Rule
Edge of Field
1st row of vineyard
8
8
8
8Measure and mark ends of rows
8
8
8
8
Headla
nds
(30-40) H
ead
lands
(30
-40)
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Vineyard LayoutVineyard Layout
Mark out Rows and Vine PlacementMark out Rows and Vine PlacementWith MarkersWith Markers
1st row of vineyard
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
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Nursery GradesNursery Grades
6-126 121-2
> 12> 121-1
> 12
numerous> 121-X
RootGrowth
TopGrowthGrade
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Proper planting depthProper planting depth
Own-rooted Grafted
Graft union
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Vine Planting with a TransplanterSaves on labor, but require a larger tractor.
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Dr. Bruce Bordelon,Purdue University
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Vineyard LayoutVineyard Layout
Mark out Rows and Vine PlacementMark out Rows and Vine PlacementBy cross scoring the fieldBy cross scoring the field
1st row of vineyard
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
8
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Set at Proper DepthSet at Proper Depth
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Spacing and TampingSpacing and Tamping
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Trellis EstablishmentTrellis Establishment
Distribute and drive posts immediately after planting
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Dr. Bruce Bordelon,
Purdue University
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Line PostLine Post
DrivenDriven vsvs setting in ansetting in an AugeredAugered holehole
2 deep
3-4 x 8 line post
3 deep
3-4 x 9 line post
Provide equivalent anchorage
Narrow End
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Grow Tubes
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Vineyard Training SystemsVineyard Training Systems
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Growth HabitGrowth HabitTrailing / Drooping
Upright
Characteristic ofAmerican species
Characteristic of V. vinifera& some French-Amer. hybrids
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Single Curtain Bi-lateral Cordon
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66--CaneCane KniffenKniffen SystemSystemwith wires at 2.5, 4 and 6 feet
Suitable for low vigor cultivars
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UmbrellaUmbrella KniffenKniffen SystemSystemSuited for American cultivars requiring pruning to long
canes. Requires extra labor to tie canes to lower wires
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Geneva Double Curtain
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Catch Wire SystemCatch Wire Systemfor Upright & Semifor Upright & Semi--upright Cultivarsupright Cultivars
Cordon wire
at 36 to 42
Catch wiresspaced 10 apart
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VSP
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Smart-Dyson
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Scott Henry
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Cordon
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Cultivars Suited forCultivars Suited for
Vertical Shoot PositioningVertical Shoot PositioningSemi-upright:
Chambourcin
Chardonel
La Crosse
Prairie Star
Seyval Blanc
Traminette
Upright:
Chelois
St. Vincent
Vignoles
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Considerations in SelectingConsiderations in Selecting
A Training SystemA Training System
Growth habit
Vine vigor
Cost of materials
Labor to install
Labor to maintain
Prune
Shoot positioning Other cultural
practices
Benefits?
Fruit color development
Fruit quality
SS
pH
TA
Earlier maturity
Pest problems +
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Cultural Practices in an
Established VineyardMarch/April Inspect buds for winter injury
Pruning, tying & brush removal
Pre-emergence weed control
Fertilize
Dormant lime sulfur
May Disease & insect control
Suckering Shoot thinning?
Shoot positioning VSP
June Cluster thinning?
Disease & insect control
Shoot positioning VSP
July Disease & insect control
Shoot positioning
Post emergence weed control
Shearing shoots Collect petiole sample
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Cultural Practices in an
Established Vineyard
August/September Install bird netting
Disease & insect control
Begin testing maturity
Leaf pulling, lateral shootthinning?
Shoot positioning &shearing VSP
Harvest
September/October
Remove bird netting
Check soil pH
November March
Winterize equipment
Repair trellis Plan for the next season
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Inspecting buds for winter injury
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Weed Control
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Apply Liquid Lime Sulfur
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GrapeDiseases
Black rot
Powdery mildew
Downy mildew
Bunch rot
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Anthracnose
Phomopsis
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Grape
Insects8-spottedforester moth
Hornworm
Grape Phylloxera
Japanese beetle
Grape berry moth
Grape rootwormbeetle
Grasshopper
Bees
Asian Ladybird beetle
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Leafrollers
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Shoot Thinning
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Basal shoots
Primary shoot
Secondary shoot
Renewal spur
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Cluster Thinning
Large & medium clusters 1 per shootSmall clusters 2 per shoot
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Shoot Positioning
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Shoot Positioning
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WildlifeWildlife
ControlControl
Birds Sound
Cannons
Distress
Predator
Reflectors
Netting
Raccoons Exclusion
Habitat reduction Trapping, etc.
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Bird Netting
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Horticulture
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