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Climate and Global Change Notes
15-1
Volcanoes & Climate
Volcanic Activity
Effect on Climate
Mt. Pinatubo
Science Concepts
SO2 Effect
The Earth System (Kump, Kastin & Crane)
• Chap. 15 (pp. 299-302)
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-2
The Earth’s Climate System
Stratospheric
Chemistry/
Dynamics
OceanDynamic
s
TerrestrialEnergy/Moisture
Global Moisture
Marine/Biogeochemistry
External Forcing
CO2
Sun
Volcanoes
Soil
Climate
Change
Atmospheric Physics/Dynamics
LandUse
CO2
Pollu-tants
Tropospheric Chemistry
HumanActivities
TerrestrialEcosystems
Biogeochemical Systems
Physical Climate Systems
Human Forcing
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-3
Volcanoes & Climate
Ben Franklin Observation
• Benjamin Franklin was serving the United States as an ambassador to France and living in Paris when Laki volcano in Iceland erupted
During several of the summer months of the year 1783, when the effect of the sun’s rays to heat the earth in these northern regions should have been greatest, there existed a constant fog over all Europe, and great part of North America. This fog was of a permanent nature; it was dry, and the rays of the sun seemed to have little effect towards dissipating it, as they easily do a moist fog, arising from water. They were indeed rendered so faint in passing through it, that when collected in the focus of a burning glass, they would scarce kindle brown paper. Of course, their summer effect in heating the earth was exceedingly diminished.
Hence the earth was early frozen,Hence the first snows remained on it unmelted, and
received continual additions.Hence the air was more chilled, and the winds more
severely cold.Hence perhaps the winter of 1783-4, was more severe, than
any that had happened for many years.
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-4
Volcanoes & Climate
Ben Franklin Observation (Con’t)
The cause of this universal fog is not yet ascertained. Whether it was adventitious to this earth, and merely a smoke, proceeding from the consumption by fire of some of those great burning balls or globes which we happen to meet within our rapid course round the sun, and which are sometimes seen to kindle and be destroyed in passing our atmosphere, and whose smoke might be attracted and retained by our earth; or whether it was the vast quantity of smoke, long continuing to issue during the summer from Hecla in Iceland, and that other volcano which arose out of the sea near that island, which smoke might be spread by various winds, over the northern part of the world, is yet uncertain.
Franklin, B., Meteorological imaginations and conjectures, Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society Memoirs and Proceedings, 2, 122, 1784. [Reprinted in Weatherwise, 35, p. 262, 1982.]
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-5
Volcanoes & Climate
• National Public Radio story - “How a Volcano Eruption Wiped Away Summer”
by Michael Sullivan 10/22/07http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15448607
“Darkness” By Lord ByronI had a dream, which was not all a dream.
The bright sun was extinguish'd, and the starsDid wander darkling in the eternal space,Rayless, and pathless, and the icy earth
Swung blind and blackening in the moonless air;Morn came and went—and came, and brought no day,
And men forgot their passions in the dreadOf this their desolation; and all hearts
Were chill'd into a selfish prayer for light:And they did live by watchfires—and the thrones,
The palaces of crowned kings—the huts,. . .• Written summer of 1816 when Percy Bysshe Shelley, his wife Mary
Wollstonecraft Shelley (wrote novel “Frankenstein”), and their friend Lord Byron
went to Lake Geneva, Switzerland for their summer holiday.• Tambora in Indonesia erupted in 1815 and produced the “Year Without a
Summer” (1816)
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-6
Volcanoes & Climate
1960-1995 Volcanic Activity
• Red triangles indicate volcanoes
http://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a000000/a000100/a000155/index.html
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-7
Volcanic Global Cooling • Volcanoes eject sulfur dioxide (SO2) and other gases during eruptions • SO2 combines and H2O in the stratosphere to form fine droplets or “aerosols”
of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) that form a haze• Haze increases the atmospheric albedo, thus reducing the solar energy
reaching the Earth’s surface
• Example: - Mt Tambora in
Indonesia (1815)- 1816 - Year without
a summer- June snows; frost
in July and August in the northeast
- New England temperatures cooler than normal; 2-4°C in July; 1-2°C in August
- Caused 80% reduction in harvest
Volcanoes & Climate
http://www-sage3.larc.nasa.gov/solar/learning-aerosol.html
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-8
Tree-Ring Width Vs Year of Eruption
• Growth index for the 24 largest volcanoes
Temperature Vs Year of Eruption
• Composite global surface temperature change near the time of the five volcanoes producing the greatest optical depths since 1880: Krakatau (1883), Santa Maria (1902), Agung (1963), El Chichon (1982) and Pinatubo (1991)
Volcanoes & Climate
http://www.giss.nasa.gov/research/intro/hansen_02/
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-9
Estimated Effects of Volcanoes
Volcano Latitude Date DT (°C)St. Helens 46°N 1980 <0.1Agung 8°S 1963 <0.05El Chichon 17°N 1982 <0.4Krakatau 6°S 1883 0.3Tambora 8°S 1815 0.5Toba 3°N 7,000 B.P. large?Laki 64°N 1783-84 1.0?Roza 47°N 4,000 B.P. large?
Volcanoes & Climate
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-10
Erupted 9 June 1991 After Several Hundred Years of Inactivity
• Description- Location: Philippines - Latitude: 15.13 N, Longitude: 120.35 E
- Height: 1,745 meters before June 15, 1991 eruption
- Height: 1,485 meters (high point caldera rim) after
eruption- Second in size to eruption of Katmai,
Alaska (1912) - Ten times larger than Mt St. Helens
eruption in 1980- Ash cloud rose 30- 35 km into the sky
Mt. Pinatubo
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http://www.volcano.si.edu/gvp/usgs/maps.cfm#philippines
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Philippines/Pinatubo/images.html
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-11
Mt. Pinatubo
Mt. Pintatubo Eruption - June 1991
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Philippines/Pinatubo/images.html
http://hannover.park.org/Philippines/pinatubo/
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-12
Mt. Pinatubo
Mt. Pintatubo Ash at Clark Air Force Base
http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Volcanoes/Philippines/Pinatubo/images.html
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QuickTime™ and aGIF decompressor
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Pintatubo Ash and Gases
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-13
Mt. Pinatubo
Nimbus-7 Sulfur Dioxide
June 17 June 19
http://eospso.gsfc.nasa.gov/eos_edu.pack/p35.html
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-14
Mt. Pinatubo
Nimbus-7Sulfur Dioxide
June 16
June 19
June 22
June 25
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-15
Mt. Pinatubo
SAGE II 1020 m Stratospheric Optical Depth
15 Apr- 25 May 1991
14 Jun- 26 Jul 1991
13 Feb- 26 Mar 1993
http://www-sage2.larc.nasa.gov/introduction/
Climate and Global Change Notes
15-16
Volcanoes & Climate
Volcanic Eruptions
• Atmospheric SO2 detectedby TOMS per volcanosince 1979
http://rst.gsfc.nasa.gov/Sect16/Sect16_2.html