Post on 16-Dec-2015
transcript
Warm-up questions
Why was the Battle of the Marne so important?
What role did taxi’s play in the war effort?
What was the immediate cause of WW1?
Who was the assassin?
Map 25.3: The Eastern Front, 1914-1918
The Widening of the WarAugust 1914: Ottoman Empire enters the war
Battle of Gallipoli, April 1915
May 1915: Italy enters the war against Austria-HungarySeptember 1915: Bulgaria enters the war on the side of the Central PowersMiddle East
Lawrence of Arabia (1888-1935)
April 1917: Entry of the United StatesThe United States tried to remain neutralSinking of the Lusitania, May 7, 1915Return to unrestricted submarine warfare January 1917United States enters the war, April 6, 1917Bolshevik Revolution, 1917
TheEastern
Front
Russians are winning at first– Russia starts having issues at home– Battle of Tanneburg
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Dec 1917)– Lenin took Russia out of the war but forced to give
Germans ¼ of Russian territory
Land given up in treaty
Ottoman Empire
Gallipoli Campaign– British and Australian forces failed to take
Dardanelles as a step toward taking Constantinople and defeating the Turks• Allies want to attack Dardanelles• Strait dividing Asia from Europe• Capture and conquer Ottoman Empire’s capital at
Constantinople
The Gallipoli Disaster, 1915
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-
18
Turkish Cavalry in Palestine
T. E. Lawrence & Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918-
19
OCEAN FRONT
Germany Starts Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Germans take out an add to stop Americans from coming to Europe via Boat
British Blockade
Attempts to starve out the Germans
The Sinking of the Lusitania
• Lusitania – May 7, 1915British Ocean LinerFrom New York - LiverpoolSank in 18 minutes1,195 lost1,959 on board128 AmericansOff the Coast of IrelandOne torpedoTwo Explosions???
NOTICE!
Travellers intending to embark on the Atlantic voyage are reminded that a state of war exists between Germany and her allies and Great Britain and her allies; that the zone of war includes the waters adjacent to the British Isles; that, in accordance with formal notice given by the Imperial German Government, vessels flying the flag of Great Britain, or any of her allies, are liable to destruction in those waters and that travellers sailing in the war zone on ships of Great Britain or her allies do so at their own risk. IMPERIAL GERMAN EMBASSY WASHINGTON, D.C., APRIL 22, 1915.
“He kept us out of War”Re-elected 1916Zimmerman Telegram – Jan. 16, 1917German AmbassadorTelegram German Ambassador in MexicoMarch 1 – published USApril 6 - declaration
The Zimmerman Telegram
The YanksAre
Coming!The Main Reason we enter the war is due to Germany’s Unrestricted SubmarineWarfare
Americans in the Trenches
The Home Front: The Impact of Total War
Government CentralizationConscription
Draft huge numbers of Men
Effects on EconomiesPublic Order and Public Opinion
Dealing with unrestDefense of the Realm ActPropaganda
Social Impact of Total WarLabor benefitsNew roles for women
• Male concern over wages• Women began to demand equal pay• Gains for women
Total War
Total War
Involve everyone in civilian population Propaganda machines in full force
– Dehumanize the enemy
News is Censored Mass Conscription
Posters
Posters
Posters
Posters
Posters
Economic efforts at home
Economic production was totally refocused on war effort– Examples
• Battle of Verdun more projectiles used than every single war prior
• In one battle– 1917 a 19 day artillery shelling– Used up all of the shells carried by 321 trains– Output of 55,000 factory workers who worked for a
year.
Leaders of Industrial Transition Walter Rathenau
– Jewish German industrialist– Sets up War Raw Materials Board
• Ration / distributes everything• Creates synthetics• Recycle• Beat the British Blockade
– States socialism is a viable economic blueprint for a society
Auxiliary Service law– 1916– All German Men 17-60 had to work in jobs
crucial to the war effort
Womenand theWar
Effort
Women replaced male factory workers who were now fighting in the war– 43% of labor force in Russia– Changing attitudes of women resulted in
increased rights after the war in – Britain, Germany, Austria and U.S.
Financing the War
For Recruitment
Munitions Workers
French Women Factory Workers
German Women Factory Workers
Working in the Fields
A Woman Ambulance Driver
Red Cross Nurses
Women in the Army Auxiliary
Russian Women Soldiers
Rationing of food and scarce commodities was instituted
People financed the war by buying WAR BONDS
Each side tries to “starve out” the other side
Spies
e “Mata Hari”
e Real Name: Margareetha Geertruide Zelle
e German Spy!
France– Create a dictatorship during the warGermany became the world’s first totalitarian regime in order to control the war effortBritish economy is largely planned and regulatedLabor unions: saw increased influence and prestige die to increased demand for laborWar promoted greater social equity,
thus blurring class distinctions and lessening the gap between rich and
GEORGE CLEMENCEAU
End of War
Argonne Offensive--Spring 1918– Germans transferred divisions from east (after
defeating Russia) to the western front and mounted a massive offensive
US is there to meet them
US soldiers are FRESH and READY