Post on 15-Jan-2016
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WASTEWATER WASTEWATER TREATMENT TREATMENT
TECHNOLOGIESTECHNOLOGIES MEDAWARE
Prof. George AyoubProf. George Ayoub
Faculty of Engineering and ArchitectureFaculty of Engineering and Architecture
American University of BeirutAmerican University of Beirut
OUTLINEOUTLINE
Overview of the Conventional Overview of the Conventional Wastewater Treatment ProcessWastewater Treatment Process
Discussion of Existing Biological Discussion of Existing Biological Treatment TechnologiesTreatment Technologies
Examples from the Mediterranean Examples from the Mediterranean RegionRegion
Examples from the Lebanese ContextExamples from the Lebanese Context
Conventional Wastewater Treatment Conventional Wastewater Treatment ProcessProcess
Pretreatment involves:Screening Grit RemovalOil separationFlow equalization
Disinfection can use:Chlorine compoundsBromine ChlorideOzoneUV Radiation
Chemical Treatment is used in conjunction with the physical and chemical processes:Chemical precipitation Adsorption
Sludge Treatment and Disposal involves:grinding, degritting, blending, thickening, stabilization, conditioning, disinfection, dewatering, heat drying, thermal reduction, ultimate disposal
Biological TreatmentBiological Treatment In the case of domestic wastewater treatment, In the case of domestic wastewater treatment,
the objective of biological treatment is:the objective of biological treatment is:
• To stabilize the organic contentTo stabilize the organic content• To remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorusTo remove nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus
Types:
Aerobic ProcessesAnoxic ProcessesAnaerobic ProcessesCombined Aerobic-Anoxic-Anaerobic Processes
Pond Processes
Attached GrowthSuspended Growth Combined Systems
Aerobic MaturationFacultativeAnaerobic
Major Aerobic Biological Major Aerobic Biological ProcessesProcesses
Type of Growth
Common Name Use
Suspended Suspended GrowthGrowth
Activated Sludge (AS)Activated Sludge (AS) Carbonaceous BOD removal Carbonaceous BOD removal (nitrification)(nitrification)
Aerated LagoonsAerated Lagoons Carbonaceous BOD removal Carbonaceous BOD removal (nitrification)(nitrification)
Attached Attached GrowthGrowth
Trickling FiltersTrickling Filters Carbonaceous BOD removal. Carbonaceous BOD removal. nitrificationnitrification
Roughing Filters Roughing Filters (trickling filters with (trickling filters with high hydraulic loading high hydraulic loading rates)rates)
Carbonaceous BOD removalCarbonaceous BOD removal
Rotating Biological Rotating Biological ContactorsContactors
Carbonaceous BOD removal Carbonaceous BOD removal (nitrification)(nitrification)
Packed-bed reactorsPacked-bed reactors Carbonaceous BOD removal Carbonaceous BOD removal (nitrification)(nitrification)
Combined Combined Suspended Suspended & Attached & Attached Growth Growth
Activated Biofilter Activated Biofilter ProcessProcessTrickling filter-solids Trickling filter-solids contact processcontact processBiofilter-AS processBiofilter-AS processSeries trickling filter-AS Series trickling filter-AS process process
Carbonaceous BOD removal Carbonaceous BOD removal (nitrification)(nitrification)
Activated Sludge ProcessActivated Sludge Process The aeration tank contains a suspension of the wastewater The aeration tank contains a suspension of the wastewater
and microorganisms, the mixed liquor. The liquor is mixed by and microorganisms, the mixed liquor. The liquor is mixed by aeration devices (supplying also oxygen)aeration devices (supplying also oxygen)
A portion of the biological sludge separated from the A portion of the biological sludge separated from the secondary effluent by sedimentation is recycled to the secondary effluent by sedimentation is recycled to the aeration tankaeration tank
Types of AS Systems: Conventional, Complete-Mix, Types of AS Systems: Conventional, Complete-Mix, Sequencing Batch Reactor, Extended Aeration, Deep Tank, Sequencing Batch Reactor, Extended Aeration, Deep Tank, Deep ShaftDeep Shaft
Advantages/DisadvantagesAdvantages/Disadvantages
AdvantagesAdvantages
Flexible, can adapt to Flexible, can adapt to minor pH, organic and minor pH, organic and temperature changestemperature changes
Small area requiredSmall area required Degree of nitrification Degree of nitrification
is controllableis controllable Relatively minor odor Relatively minor odor
problemsproblems
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
High operating costs High operating costs (skilled labor, electricity, (skilled labor, electricity, etc.)etc.)
Generates solids Generates solids requiring sludge disposalrequiring sludge disposal
Some process Some process alternatives are alternatives are sensitive to shock loads sensitive to shock loads and metallic or other and metallic or other poisonspoisons
Requires continuous air Requires continuous air supply supply
Trickling FiltersTrickling Filters The trickling filter or biofilter consists of a bed of The trickling filter or biofilter consists of a bed of
permeable medium of either rock or plastic permeable medium of either rock or plastic Microorganisms become attached to the media and Microorganisms become attached to the media and
form a biological layer or fixed film. Organic matter in form a biological layer or fixed film. Organic matter in the wastewater diffuses into the film, where it is the wastewater diffuses into the film, where it is metabolized. Periodically, portions of the film slough metabolized. Periodically, portions of the film slough off the mediaoff the media
Advantages/Disadvantages Advantages/Disadvantages
AdvantagesAdvantages
Good quality (80-90% Good quality (80-90% BODBOD55 removal) for 2- removal) for 2-stage efficiency could stage efficiency could reach 95% reach 95%
Moderate operating Moderate operating costs (lower than costs (lower than activated sludge)activated sludge)
Withstands shock Withstands shock loads better than other loads better than other biological processesbiological processes
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
High capital costs High capital costs Clogging of Clogging of
distributors or bedsdistributors or beds Snail, mosquito and Snail, mosquito and
insect problemsinsect problems
Rotating Biological Rotating Biological ContactorsContactors
It consists of a series of circular disks of polystyrene or It consists of a series of circular disks of polystyrene or polyvinyl chloride that are submerged in wastewater polyvinyl chloride that are submerged in wastewater and rotated slowly through itand rotated slowly through it
The disk rotation alternately contacts the biomass The disk rotation alternately contacts the biomass with the organic material and then with atmosphere with the organic material and then with atmosphere for adsorption of oxygenfor adsorption of oxygen
Excess solids are removed by shearing forces created Excess solids are removed by shearing forces created by the rotation mechanismby the rotation mechanism
Advantages/DisdvantagesAdvantages/Disdvantages
AdvantagesAdvantages Short contact periodsShort contact periods Handles a wide range Handles a wide range
of flowsof flows Easily separates Easily separates
biomass from waste biomass from waste streamstream
Low operating costs Low operating costs Short retention timeShort retention time Low sludge productionLow sludge production Excellent process Excellent process
controlcontrol
DisadvantagesDisadvantages Need for covering Need for covering
units installed in cold units installed in cold climate to protect climate to protect against freezingagainst freezing
Shaft bearings and Shaft bearings and mechanical drive units mechanical drive units require frequent require frequent maintenance maintenance
Major Anaerobic Biological Major Anaerobic Biological ProcessesProcesses
Type of Growth
Common Name Use
Suspended Suspended GrowthGrowth
Anaerobic Contact Anaerobic Contact ProcessProcess
Carbonaceous BOD Carbonaceous BOD removalremoval
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge-Upflow Anaerobic Sludge-Blanket (UASB)Blanket (UASB)
Carbonaceous BOD Carbonaceous BOD removalremoval
Attached Attached GrowthGrowth
Anaerobic Filter ProcessAnaerobic Filter Process Carbonaceous BOD Carbonaceous BOD removal, waste removal, waste stabilization stabilization (denitrification)(denitrification)
Expanded BedExpanded Bed Carbonaceous BOD Carbonaceous BOD removal, waste removal, waste stabilizationstabilization
Anaerobic Contact ProcessAnaerobic Contact Process
Untreated wastewater is mixed with Untreated wastewater is mixed with recycled sludge solids and then recycled sludge solids and then digested in a sealed reactordigested in a sealed reactor
The mixture is separated in a clarifier The mixture is separated in a clarifier The supernatant is discharged as The supernatant is discharged as
effluent, and settled sludge is effluent, and settled sludge is recycledrecycled
Advantages/DisadvantagesAdvantages/Disadvantages
AdvantagesAdvantages
Methane recoveryMethane recovery Small area Small area
requiredrequired Volatile solids Volatile solids
destructiondestruction
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Heat requiredHeat required Effluent in reduced Effluent in reduced
chemical form chemical form requires further requires further treatmenttreatment
Requires skilled Requires skilled operationoperation
Sludge to be Sludge to be disposed off is disposed off is minimalminimal
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Upflow Anaerobic Sludge BlanketBlanket
Wastewater flows Wastewater flows upward through a upward through a sludge blanket sludge blanket composed of biological composed of biological granules that granules that decompose organic decompose organic mattermatter
Some of the generated Some of the generated gas attaches to gas attaches to granules that rise and granules that rise and strike degassing baffles strike degassing baffles releasing the gasreleasing the gas
Free gas is collected by Free gas is collected by special domesspecial domes
The effluent passes into The effluent passes into a settling chambera settling chamber
Advantages/DisadvantagesAdvantages/Disadvantages
AdvantagesAdvantages
Low energy demandLow energy demand Low land requirementLow land requirement Low sludge productionLow sludge production Less expensive than Less expensive than
other anaerobic other anaerobic processesprocesses
High organic removal High organic removal eficiencyeficiency
DisadvantagesDisadvantages
Long start-up periodLong start-up period Requires sufficient Requires sufficient
amount of granular amount of granular seed sludge for faster seed sludge for faster start-upstart-up
Significant wash out of Significant wash out of sludge during initial sludge during initial phase of processphase of process
Lower gas yield than Lower gas yield than other anaerobic other anaerobic processesprocesses
Major Anoxic and Combined Major Anoxic and Combined Biological ProcessesBiological Processes
Type of Process
Type of Growth
Common Name Use
AnoxicAnoxic SuspendeSuspended Growthd Growth
Suspended Growth Suspended Growth DenitrificationDenitrification
DenitrificationDenitrification
Attached Attached Growth Growth
Fixed-film Fixed-film DenitrificationDenitrification
DenitrificationDenitrification
Combined Combined Aerobic, Aerobic, Anoxic, Anoxic, and and anaerobic anaerobic ProcessesProcesses
SuspendeSuspended Growthd Growth
Single- or multi-stage Single- or multi-stage processes, various processes, various proprietary processesproprietary processes
Carbonaceous BOD Carbonaceous BOD removal, nitrification, removal, nitrification, denitrification, denitrification, phosphorus removalphosphorus removal
Attached Attached GrowthGrowth
Single- or multi-stage Single- or multi-stage processesprocesses
Carbonaceous BOD Carbonaceous BOD removal, nitrification, removal, nitrification, denitrification, denitrification, phosphorus removalphosphorus removal
Pond Treatment ProcessesPond Treatment ProcessesCommon Name
Comments Use
Aerobic Aerobic Stabilization Stabilization PondsPonds
Treatment with aerobic Treatment with aerobic bacteria; oxygen is supplied by bacteria; oxygen is supplied by algal photosynthesis and algal photosynthesis and natural surface reaeration; natural surface reaeration; depth of 0.15 to 1.5 mdepth of 0.15 to 1.5 m
Carbonaceous BOD Carbonaceous BOD removalremoval
Maturation Maturation (tertiary) (tertiary) PondsPonds
Use aerobic treatment; applied Use aerobic treatment; applied loadings are low to preserve loadings are low to preserve aerobic conditionsaerobic conditions
Secondary effluent Secondary effluent polishing and polishing and seasonal nitrificationseasonal nitrification
Facultative Facultative PondsPonds
Treatment with aerobic, Treatment with aerobic, anaerobic and facultative anaerobic and facultative bacteria; the pond has 3 zones: bacteria; the pond has 3 zones: a surface aerobic zone, a a surface aerobic zone, a bottom anaerobic zone, and an bottom anaerobic zone, and an intermediate zone partly intermediate zone partly aerobic-anaerobicaerobic-anaerobic
Carbonaceous BOD Carbonaceous BOD removalremoval
Anaerobic Anaerobic PondsPonds
Treatment with anaerobic Treatment with anaerobic bacteria; depths of up to 9.1 m bacteria; depths of up to 9.1 m to conserve anaerobic to conserve anaerobic conditions conditions
Carbonaceous BOD Carbonaceous BOD removal (waste removal (waste stabilization)stabilization)
Examples from the Mediterranean Examples from the Mediterranean Region (1)Region (1)
Country Name of the Plant
Capacity m3/day
Treatment Technology
Reuse Application
SpainSpain VitoriaVitoria 55,00055,000 Secondary treatment Secondary treatment (screening, (screening, sedimentation, sedimentation, nitrification-nitrification-denitrification) + tertiary denitrification) + tertiary treatment (coagulation-treatment (coagulation-flocculation, sand filters, flocculation, sand filters, chlorine disinfection)chlorine disinfection)
Irrigation of orchardsIrrigation of orchards
SpainSpain TenerifeTenerife 90,00090,000 Secondary treatment Secondary treatment (activated sludge), (activated sludge), tertiary treatmenttertiary treatment
Irrigation of banana, Irrigation of banana, potatoes, and tomatoespotatoes, and tomatoes
GreeceGreece ChalkisChalkis 9,0009,000 Pretreatment, Pretreatment, clarification, aeration clarification, aeration tanks, final clarifiers, tanks, final clarifiers, advanced treatmentadvanced treatment
Irrigation of trees and Irrigation of trees and bushesbushes
Examples from the Mediterranean Examples from the Mediterranean Region (2)Region (2)
Country Name of the Plant
Capacity m3/day
Treatment Technology
Reuse Application
PalestinePalestine Dan Dan Region Region ProjectProject
330,000330,000 Secondary treatment Secondary treatment (activated sludge, or (activated sludge, or stabilization lagoons), stabilization lagoons), soil aquifer treatmentsoil aquifer treatment
Irrigation of field crops, Irrigation of field crops, fruit plantations, fruit plantations, vegetables, flowersvegetables, flowers
ItalyItaly GrammichGrammich-elle-elle
1,5001,500 Activated Activated sludge, sludge, chlorine contact tank, chlorine contact tank, tank storagetank storage
Irrigation of Irrigation of orange, olive orange, olive trees, crops for caning trees, crops for caning industry, and vegetables industry, and vegetables to be eaten cookedto be eaten cooked
ItalyItaly ClatagironClatagiron-e-e
5,2005,200 Activated Activated sludge, sand sludge, sand filtration, reservoir filtration, reservoir storagestorage
Irrigation of Irrigation of orange, olive orange, olive trees, crops for caning trees, crops for caning industry, and vegetables industry, and vegetables to be eaten cookedto be eaten cooked
CyprusCyprus Larnaca Larnaca 8,5008,500 Oxidation ditches, sand Oxidation ditches, sand filtration, chlorinationfiltration, chlorination
Irrigation of corn, alfalfa, Irrigation of corn, alfalfa, in addition to gardens, in addition to gardens, parks and fieldsparks and fields
Examples from the Mediterranean Examples from the Mediterranean Region (3)Region (3)
Country Name of the Plant
Capacity m3/day
Treatment Technology
Reuse Application
JordanJordan Al SamraAl Samra 150,000150,000 3 trains of ponds: 3 trains of ponds: 2 2 anaerobic, 4 anaerobic, 4 facultative, 4 facultative, 4 maturationmaturation
Irrigation of olive trees, Irrigation of olive trees, forest area, fodder crops forest area, fodder crops and non-restricted and non-restricted vegetables for experimentsvegetables for experiments
MoroccoMorocco City of City of DrarguaDrargua
600600 Primary treatment Primary treatment (anaerobic basins), (anaerobic basins), secondary secondary treatment (sand treatment (sand filters), tertiary filters), tertiary treatmenttreatment
Irrigation of alfalfa, Irrigation of alfalfa, tomatoes, zucchini, corn tomatoes, zucchini, corn and grassand grass
TurkeyTurkey GaziantepGaziantep 200,000200,000 Primary treatment, Primary treatment, secondary secondary treatment treatment (Activated Sludge)(Activated Sludge)
Irrigation of edible crops, Irrigation of edible crops, vegetables and nearby vegetables and nearby fieldsfields
Examples from LebanonExamples from Lebanon Lebanon has been rebuilding its water and Lebanon has been rebuilding its water and
wastewater infrastructure since 1992; in this wastewater infrastructure since 1992; in this context, the Government initiated the context, the Government initiated the cconstruction of large-scale WWTPs employing AS onstruction of large-scale WWTPs employing AS and Biofilter treatment systems mainlyand Biofilter treatment systems mainly
Except for the Ghadir pre-treatment station, no Except for the Ghadir pre-treatment station, no single large-scale plant achieving secondary single large-scale plant achieving secondary treatment has started to operatetreatment has started to operate
Some community-based plants funded by NGOs Some community-based plants funded by NGOs are achieving secondary treatment; however, are achieving secondary treatment; however, these are small-scale plants and rarely function these are small-scale plants and rarely function properlyproperly
Coarse Screening
Fine Screening
Grit and Grease Removal Tank
Pumping
Primary Settling TankPumpingAeration Tank
or Biofilter
Degassing Tank
Distribution Structure
Secondary Settling Tank
Venturi Flume Treated Water Pumping Station
Technology to be used inside WWTPs proposed by the Government
Ghadir Preliminary Treatment Ghadir Preliminary Treatment StationStation
Serves the Greater Beirut Serves the Greater Beirut Southern Wastewater Southern Wastewater Collection Basin (population of Collection Basin (population of 977,000)977,000)
Maximum instantaneous flow: Maximum instantaneous flow: 2.6 m2.6 m33/s; average: 1.6 m/s; average: 1.6 m33/s; /s; expected minimum: 1.1 mexpected minimum: 1.1 m33/s/s
Accepts also septic tank Accepts also septic tank septage and leachate from the septage and leachate from the Naameh landfillNaameh landfill
Effluent is discharged into the Effluent is discharged into the sea at a distance of 2.6 km sea at a distance of 2.6 km away from the shore and at a away from the shore and at a depth of 60 mdepth of 60 m
In periods of overflow, the In periods of overflow, the plant partially or completely plant partially or completely shuts down, and the effluent is shuts down, and the effluent is discharged into the sea at a discharged into the sea at a distance of 500 m from the distance of 500 m from the shore shore
GHADIR STATION
Treatment Steps At GhadirTreatment Steps At Ghadir
SCREENINGLIFTING
DEGRITTING
Baalbeck WWTPBaalbeck WWTP Completed in summer Completed in summer
20002000 Not yet functional Not yet functional
because the collection because the collection network is not yet network is not yet finishedfinished
Serves a population of Serves a population of 130,600, and has a 130,600, and has a daily capacity of daily capacity of 19,600 m19,600 m33/day/day
Will achieve Will achieve secondary treatment secondary treatment
Treatment Technologies in Treatment Technologies in Community-based WWTPsCommunity-based WWTPs
There are 42 plants as shown by the tableThere are 42 plants as shown by the table
ProcessProcess NGONGO
CHFCHF CAICAI MCIMCI YMCYMCAA
PMPM
Extended AerationExtended Aeration 11 22 77
Activated SludgeActivated Sludge 55 66 11
Anaerobic Anaerobic DigestionDigestion
1717
Aerobic DigestionAerobic Digestion 11 11
Mixed TreatmentMixed Treatment 11 11
TotalTotal 11 55 1818 1010 88
EXTENDED AERATION
ACTIVATED SLUDGE
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
AEROBIC DIGESTION
MIXED TREATMENT
EXTENDED AERATIONKAWS AKKAR
YMCA
ACTIVATED SLUDGEKFEIRYMCA
ANAEROBIC DIGESTIONHASBAYA
MCI
AEROBIC DIGESTIONMARJ EL ZOUHOUR
YMCA
MIXED TREATMENTADVANCED INTEGRATED
WASTEWATER PONDS SYSTEMAIN HARSHA
YMCA
THANK YOUTHANK YOU