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COMIT Training Course 1
Oct - 2015
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At the end of this module, you will be able to
• Name the structure of UTRAN specific signalling interfaces
• Understand the RAB QoS parameters
Objectives
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3G RPLS / AA / 10/2008
• In December 1999, the first UMTS Release was frozen. This release is commonly called UMTS Release 99. In thespecification phase, two main objectives had to be met:
•New radio interface solution
•Core Network (CN) evolution
• Mobile communication became a big business case in the 90s with unexpected growth rates.
• In some areas, this imposed capacity problems. There were not enough radio resources available to supply thesubscribers in a satisfying way.
• The 2nd generation mobile communication systems were still optimised for speech transmission.
• Also in the 90s, there was an unprecedented growth in data communications. This was mainly caused by theintroduction of user friendly GUIs, the browsers, to serve in the net, and by the steadily dropping costs forcomputer and router.
UMTS Release 99
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• Therefore, during the standardisation process, one major focus lay on the radio interface solution.
•It had to be more efficient to serve more subscribers in one geographical area, resp. to allow higher datarates.•On the other hand, more flexibly was required, too, so that all kinds of present and future multimedia
applications could be served.•CDMA was selected as multiple access technology for the radio interface solution. The UMTS radiointerface solution is often called WCDMA, because CDMA is used on 5 MHz.•Two duplex transmission solutions are available with UMTS Release 99, one based on the TDD and onebased on the FDD mode.The introduction of a new radio interface solution required a new design of the whole radio access network, which is called UTRAN.
• CN evolutionThere are more than 500 GSM operators worldwide. So one requirement to UMTS Release 99 was to enable asmooth evolution from 2G to 3G. Therefore, the UMTS Rel99 CN is an enhanced GSM NSS.
UMTS Release 99 (cont.)
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3G RPLS / AA / 10/2008
3GPP Release 4 3GPP Release 4 is a further enhancement of 3GPP Release 1999.
3GPP Release 4 contains, but is not limited to
UTRA FDD repeater function
low chip rate TDD option
700 MHz support for GERAN, e2e transparent packet streaming service
Tandem Free Operation
Transcoder Free Operation
IP transport of CN protocols
bearer independent CS core network
CAMEL enhancements and OSA enhancements.
The 3GPP Release 4 was functionally frozen in March 2001.
(Adopted from TR 21.902)
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3G RPLS / AA / 10/2008
3GPP Release 5 3GPP Release 5 is a further enhancement of the previous releases.
3GPP Release 5 contains, but is not limited to,
High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)
Initial phase of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)
Wideband AMR
Location Services enhancements
UMTS in 1800/1900 MHz bands (release independent)
IP transport in the UTRAN
UTRAN sharing in connected mode and security enhancements.
The 3GPP Release 5 was functionally frozen in March 2002 and the remaining part in June 2002.
(Adopted from TR 21.902)
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3GPP Release 6 Release 6 (frozen 09/2005) . contains, but is not limited to FDD Enhanced Uplink (HSUPA)
FDD Enhanced Uplink - Physical Layer FDD Enhanced Uplink - Layer 2 and 3 Protocol Aspects FDD Enhanced Uplink - UTRAN Iub/Iur Protocol Aspects FDD Enhanced Uplink - RF Radio Transmission/ Reception, System Performance Requirements and
Conformance Testing Location Services enhancements 2 WLAN-UMTS Interworking Rel-6
Security WLAN charging USIM enhancements for WLAN Interworking
IMS Phase 2 Multimedia Messaging (MMS) enhancements
Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS) AMR-WB extension for high audio quality Push Services and Presence Network Sharing
NOTE: Nokia/NSN RAN releases (RAN1.5, RAN04, RAS05, RAS 06, RU 10..) do not follow strictly the 3GPPreleases
(Adopted from TR 21.902)
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3GPP Release 7 Release 7 (closed 10/2007) with HSPA+ features:
Higher order Modulation 64QAM for the DL; 16QAM for the UL larger Peak Data rates & Capacity
MIMO Antennas: 2x2 MIMO larger Peak Data rates & Capacity
Network Architecture Improvements: Improved latency & efficiency; lower OPEX / CAPEX WLAN charging Direct Tunneling
Continuous Packet Connectivity CPC / VoIP higher efficiency; more capacity; less UE battery consumption
Enhanced UE Receiver more capacity; higher UE throughput Enhanced Cell_FACH
higher throughput in Cell_FACH L2 / RLC Optimisation
less L2 overhead; higher net throughput
(Adopted from Work_plan_3gpp_rel7)
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3GPP Release 8 & 9 Release 8 (closed 12/2008)
Enhancements for HSPA+ evolution 64QAM & 2x2 MIMO simultaneously
Peak Rates up to 42 Mbps
….
Long Term Evolution (LTE) as new radio access system
and 3GPP System Architecture Evolution (SAE) /Enhanced Packet Core EPC for GERAN, UMTS and non
3GPP access….
Release 9 (expected to be closed 12/2009)
LTE-Advanced (LTE-A)
3GPP proposal for IMT-Advanced (4G)
Max. Peak Rate (low Mobility) 1 Gbps DL and up to
500 Mbps (UL) Max. Peak Rate (high Mobility) 100 Mbps UL & DL
Bandwidth of up to 100 Mbps expected
Advanced MIMO-antenna systems expected
…
(Adopted from Work_plan_3gpp_rel8)
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UMTS Release 99
UMTS Release 4
UMTS Release 5
UMTS Release 6
• UMTS CN = enhanced GSM NSS• UTRAN & WCDMA
• Bearer independent CS domain• Low chip rate TDD mode• UTRA repeater• MMS
• High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA)• Wideband AMR• Initial phase of the IP Multimedia Subsystem• IP transport in the UTRAN
• Location Services enhancements
• FDD Enhanced Uplink (HSUPA)• IMS Phase 2• Wireless LAN/UMTS Inter-working• Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service (MBMS)• Push Services and Presence.
1999
2001
2002
2006
UMTS Releases
UMTS Release 7
UMTS Release 8
2007
2008
• HSPA+ (MIMO & Higher Order Modulation)• Enhanced UE Receiver• Direct Tunneling
• HSPA+ Enhancements• LTE + SAE/EPS
UMTS Release 92009/10
• LTE-A: IMT-Advanced (4G) proposal
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UMTS Network Architecture•The UMTS CN can be organised into two main domains:•CS domain
•This domain offers Circuit Switched (CS) bearer services.
•The CS domain is nowadays mainly used for real time data services, including speech and faxtransmission.
•The network entities MSC, GMSC and VLR can be found here.•PS domain
•This domain offers Packet Switched (PS) bearer services.
•It is based on the GSM feature GPRS. Originally, this domain was developed for non-real timepacket switched applications, such as file transfer, email, access to the Internet.
•It is used today mainly for MMS. But there are tendencies to improve its offered QoS, so that realtime services can be offered, too.
•The SGSN and GGSN are located in the packet switched domain. Other specified PS domainentities are the BGF and the CGF, which are often offered as stand alone devices.
•There are also some network elements, which are shared by the packet switched and circuit switched domain. Thecommon network elements comprise the HLR, AuC and EIR.
• A set of network elements were specified for application provisioning, which can be also found in the CN.Examples are the Camel Service Environment and WAP. Some service solutions affect the access network, too. Seefor instance LCS.
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3G RPLS / AA / 10/2008
CN (Core Network)
circuit switched (cs) domain
Packet Switched (PS) domain
commoncs & psnetworkelements
GERAN
UTRAN WAP
corporatenetworks
PDN
IP-backbone
CGF
Billing
Centre
BGF
Inter-PLMN
Network
PSTN/ISDN
MSC/VLR GMSC
EIRHLR
AC
SGSN GGSN
UMTS Core Network
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3G RPLS / AA / 10/2008
UMTS Release 4 core network In the 3GPP R4 Core Network the MSC evolves to the MSC Server and the MGW.
The MSC Server is responsible e.g. for signalling, paging and collecting charging information whilethe MGW is doing a switching.
MSC Server contains a communication management functionality and is also responsible for amobility management.
The MGW (Multimedia Gateway) main functions are:
To adapt a conventional signalling between the MSC Server or the GCS (Gateway Control Server)and different network interfaces
To connect a user data from an ATM/IP backbone into the RAN or circuit switched networks
To provide tones and announcements to end users
To do a transcoding and signal processing for a user plane when it's needed
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3G RPLS / AA / 10/2008
UMTS Release 4 core network
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UTRAN The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) is the access network, which was developed withUMTS.
The access network is organised in Radio Network Subsystems (RNS).
Each RNS has one radio resource control unit, called Radio Network Controller (RNC).
The tasks of a RNC can be seen on one figure on the following pages.
In each RNS, there is at least one Node B active, which is connected to its Controlling RNC (CRNC)
A Node B is the 3G base station.
One or several cells can be activated with one Node B. The main features of a Node B can be seen on one figure of the following pages.
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CN
circuitswitched
(cs)domain
packetswitched(ps)
domain
UTRAN
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)
Iub
Iub
Iur
Iu-PS
Iu-CS
Uu
Uu
UE
UE
MSC/VLR
SGSN
RNC
RNC
UTRAN
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• WCDMA radio resource management Admission Control, Packet Scheduling, LoadControl, Power Control, Handover Control,Resource Manager.
• Telecom functionality
incl. Location & connection management(Transport Manager), ciphering, Iu and Iubchannel management, ATM switching andmultiplexing
• Maintenance
incl. Fault localisation and reconfiguration• Operation
incl. RNC and Node B parametermodification
RNC Tasks and Functions
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Iub Interface ATM
Uu Interface
WCDMA
Cellular Transmission management Managing ATM switching and
multiplexing over the Iub interface.Control of AAL2/AAL5 connections.Control of the physical transmission
interfaces – E1, PDH, SDH or microwave.
Air Interface management.Controlling Uplink and
Downlink radio paths on the Uu Air Interface. Baseband to RF
conversion. Antenna multi-coupling.
O&M Processing.Interfacing with NMS
and RNC for alarm andcontrol (Operationsand Maintenance)
functions.
Radio Channel functions. Transport to physical channel
mappings. Encoding/Decoding– Spreading/Despreading user
traffic and signalling.
RNC
Node B Tasks and Functions in Rel
99
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• Scrambling Codes
•The scrambling codes are derived from the Gold code family.•They represent pseudo noise sequences.• As a consequence, if there is multi-path propagation in the system, the individual multi-paths can bedetected due the scrambling codes.
•There are 512 primary scrambling codes defined for the downlink transmission.•Uplink, several million scrambling codes are available.• A scrambling code repeats with every 10 ms frame.
• Channelization Codes•The channelization code are used for channel separation within one multi-path.•The channelization codes are orthogonal codes.
•They repeat with each information bit, which has to be transmitted. Data rates and channelization codesare consequently related.•Uplink, user data and control data are code multiplexed on one physical channel.•Downlink, they are time multiplexed.
Key WCDMA Facts
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Duplex Transmission Modes:• Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)• Time Division Duplex (TDD)
Multiple Access:• Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
Modulation• Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)• 16-QAM (HSDPA)
Bandwidth• 5 MHz
Time Organisation:• 10 ms per radio frame• 15 time slots per frame• 72 radio frames per hyperframe• 2560 chips per timeslot
Spreading• Spreading codes =
channelisation codes scrambling codes• Chip rate: 3.84 Mchips• Channelisation codes = orthogonal codes,
length: depends on spreading factor
• Scrambling codes = pseudo noise codes(derived from Gold code family)length: 38400 chips (10 ms)
Spreading Factors (FDD mode):• UL: 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256• DL: 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512The spreading factor can be changed every
TTI (10, 20, 40, or 80 ms).
Handover types: Soft & Softer HO (FDD only),Hard Handover;
Key WCDMA Facts in Rel 99
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• Strata were introduced to group protocols related to one aspect of service. In this course, especially the AccessStratum is of importance.
• The Access Stratum (AS) comprises infrastructure and protocols between entities of the infrastructure specificto the applied access technique. In UMTS it offers services related to the data transmission via the radiointerface. It also allows the management of the radio interface on behalf of other parts of the network. Twoaccess strata are defined in UMTS:
•UTRAN – MT•The protocols in use between UTRAN and the mobile phone specify in detail radio interface relatedinformation. AS signalling is used to inform the UE about how to use the radio interface in the ULand DL direction.
•UTRAN – CN•The CN requests the access network to make transmission resources available. The interactionbetween UTRAN and the CN is hereby independent of the interaction between the UTRAN and the
UE. In other words, the UTRAN – CN access stratum is independent of the used radio interfacetechnology.
• In this course, we focus our interest mainly on the transmission of signalling information and related parameters via the radio interface. Consequently, the access stratum between the UE and UTRAN will be discussed in detail.But also Non Access Stratum (NAS) signalling will be outlined. NAS signalling is exchanged between the UEand the serving network. In this course material, this signalling is regarded as part of the non-access stratum.
Access Stratum
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UTRAN
RNC
UE CN Iu edge node
NAS signalling and User datai.e. MM, PMM & CC, SS, SMS, SM
Access Stratum Signalling(Uu Stratum)
RRC
Access Stratum Signalling(Iu Stratum)
RANAP
AS and NAS Signalling
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• When a subscriber requests a network service, he expects to get – and is willing to pay for – a specific end-to-end quality of service.
• In a peer-to-peer communication, the QoS has to be provided between the two participating terminals. TheQoS of an end-to-end bearer service has to be described. Parameter such as minimum bit rate, guaranteed bitrate, and end-to-end delay can be used.
• An end-to-end bearer service may be made available by several operators. This is the situation displayed in the
figure on the right hand side. The UMTS provider offers the UMTS bearer service, a service establishedbetween the UE and a CN edge node (GMSC, GGSN).• The UMTS bearer service and its QoS depends on the underlying bearer services:
•The CN bearer service and the Radio Access Bearer (RAB) Service.• The signalling protocols RANAP between the CN Iu edge node (MSC/VLR, SGSN) and the RNC is used among
others to establish, maintain, modify and release the Iu Bearer Service, which is required to establish the RABbetween the CN Iu edge node and the S-RNC. Between the S-RNC and the UE, the signalling and controlprotocol RRC is used to establish Radio Bearer (RB) Services, which is also required to establish a RAB Service.
• The RRC is used peer-to-peer between the UE and the S-RNC. There are two intermediate devices, which alsohave to be informed about the bearer management: The Node B and – during a soft handover – the D-RNC.The management of the Iub resources to offer adequate QoS to „higher layer“ bearer services is done with theNBAP. This protocol is also used to inform the Node B about the transmission and reception of common anddedicated information on the radio interface Uu. The RNSAP is used between neighbouring RNCs for featuressuch as inter-RNC soft handovers and S-RNC relocation.
UMTS QoS Architecture
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TE TECN
GatewayMT UTRANCN Iu
edge node
End-to-End Service
TE/MT Local
Bearer Service
External
Bearer Service
UMTS Bearer Service = UMTS QoS
CNBearer Service
Radio AccessBearer Service
BackboneBearer Service
Radio
Bearer Service
Iu
Bearer Service
UTRA FDD/TDDService
PhysicalBearer Service
(adopted from TS 23.107)
UMTS QoS Architecture
QoS Management Functions in t e
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TE ext. networkCN GatewayMT UTRAN CN Iu edge node
UMTS BS
Manager
UMTS BS
Manager
UMTS BS
ManagerRAB
Manager
CN BS
Mana-ger
Iu BS
Mana-ger
Ext. BS
Mana-ger
CN BS
Mana-ger
Iu BS
Mana-ger
RadioBS
Mana-ger
RadioBS
Mana-ger
LocalBS
Mana-ger
BB NSMana-
ger
Iu NSMana-
ger
BB NSMana-
ger
Iu NSMana-
ger
UTRAph. BSMana-
ger
UTRAph. BSMana-
ger
SubscrControl
Adm/Cap.
Control
Adm/Cap.
Control
Trans-lation
Adm/Cap.
Control
Adm/Cap.
Control
Trans-lation
(adopted fromTS 23.107)
QoS Management Functions in t eControl Plane
UTRAN S ifi Si lli d
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3G-MSC/VLR
3G-SGSN
UE Node BRNC
RNC
RNS
RNS
RRC
Iur: RNSAP
UTRAN Specific Signalling and
Control Protocols
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• In UMTS, four QoS classes have been defined:• Conversational class
•is the QoS class for delay sensitive real time services such as speech telephony.• Streaming class
•is also regarded as real-time QoS class. It is also sensitive to delays; it carries traffic, which looks real timeto a human user. An application for streaming class QoS is audio streaming, where music files aredownloaded to the receiver. There may be an interruption in the transmission, which is not relevant for
the user of the application, as long as there are still enough data left in the buffer of the receivingequipment for seamless application provision to gap the transmission time break.
• Interactive class•is a non-real time QoS class, i.e. it is used for applications with limited delay sensitivity (so-calledinteractive applications). But many applications in the internet still have timing constraints, such as http,ftp, telnet, and smtp. A response to a request is expected within a specific period of time. This is the QoSoffered by the interactive class.
• Background class•is a non-real time QoS class for background applications, which are not delay sensitive. Exampleapplications are email and file downloading.
• A set of UMTS bearer attributes have been defined to specify the UMTS service. They are listed on the righthand side. When a UMTS bearer is established, modified or released, aspects such as the UE capabilities,subscription profiles and network specific QoS profiles have to be taken under consideration.
UMTS QoS Architecture
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Background
class
Interactive
class
Streaming
classTraffic class
Maximum bit rate
SDU format
informationSDU error ratio
Residual biterror ratioDelivery of
erroneous SDUs
Transfer delay
Guaranteed bit rate
Traffic handlingpriority
Allocation/Retentionpriority
Delivery order
Maximum SDU size
Conversational
class
(adopted from TS 23.107 chap. 6.4.3.3)
UMTS Bearer Attributes
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Services and traffic class Different services and applications set different requirements for the connection over the radio access
network (RAN), i.e. radio access bearer (RAB)
Minimum bit rate Delay
Error protection These different quality requirements can be met by selection of traffic class Conversational class
The most well known use of this scheme is telephony speech (e.g. GSM). But with Internet andmultimedia a number of new applications will require this scheme, for example voice over IP and videoconferencing tools. Real time conversation is always performed between peers (or groups) of live(human) end-users. This is the only scheme where the required characteristics are strictly given by
human perception. Streaming class When the user is looking at (listening to) real time video (audio) the scheme of real time streams
applies. The real time data f low is always aiming at a live (human) destination. It is a one way transport.This scheme is one of the newcomers in data communication, raising a number of new requirements inboth telecommunication and data communication systems. It is characterised by that the time relations(variation) between information entities (i.e. samples, packets) within a flow shall be preserved,although it does not have any requirements on low transfer delay.
Interactive class When the end-user, that is either a machine or a human, is on line requesting data from remote
equipment (e.g. a server), this scheme applies. Examples of human interaction with the remote
equipment are: web browsing, data base retrieval, server access. Examples of machines interaction withremote equipment are: polling for measurement records and automatic data base enquiries (tele-machines). Background class
When the end-user, that typically is a computer, sends and receives data-files in the background, thisscheme applies. Examples are background delivery of E-mails, SMS, download of databases andreception of measurement records.
(adopted from TS 23.107)
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Traffic classBackground
classInteractive
classStreaming
classConversational
class
Speech
Streaming audio
Web browsing
Email (background)
VoIPGaming
Presence
Video call
Streaming video
Services/apps and traffic class
Initially 3G networks do not support all traffic classes and services are implemented withlower quality connections.
G l P l M d l f UTRAN
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• The general protocol model for UTRAN interfaces can be seen in the figure on the right hand side.•It is organised in horizontal and vertical planes.
• There are two main vertical layers:•The control plane is used for signalling and control.
•UTRAN specific signalling protocols had been developed, such as the RNSAP. This is one exampleof an application protocol, as denoted in the figure.•Each signalling and control protocol requires a signalling bearer.
•The signalling bearers in UMTS are based on standard bearer protocols (e.g. ATM).•The user plane describes the user data transport.
•The data streams are transmitted via data bearers.
• Within the transport network layers, there are vertical transport network user and control planes.• A transport network control plane is responsible for the transport of higher layer data.•The transmission resources for the control plane are made available by operation and maintenance.
•The Transmission resources for the user data streams can be made available on demand. On someinterface, ALCAP is used.•It is a transport network control plane specific signalling protocol to establish, maintain, modify, andrelease data bearers. It is for instance in use on the Iu-CS interface, but not on the Iu-PS interface. Thesignalling bearers for ALCAP are always set up by operations and maintenance.
General Protocol Model for UTRAN
Interfaces
General Protocol Model for UTRAN
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Physical Layer
(copied from TS 25.401 chap. 11.1.1)
Control Plane User PlaneRadioNetworkLayer
TransportNetwork
Layer
ApplicationProtocol
SignallingBearer(s)
SignallingBearer(s)
DataBearer(s)
ALCAP
DataStreams
Transport NetworkControl Plane User Plane
Transport Network
User Plane
Transport Network
General Protocol Model for UTRAN
Interfaces
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• The figure on the right hand side shows the Uu access stratum protocols as implemented in the UE.
• The UE protocol stack can be divided into a control and a user plane.
• The L3 protocol RRC is used to inform the UE about the use of the uplink and downlink radio resources.
• The RRC protocol‘s peer entities are the RNC and the Node B.
• The receiving entity has to configure the L2 (MAC, PHY, PDCP, and BMC) protocol entities in accordance to thereceived commands.
•MAC: Medium Access Control•PHY: Physical layer•PDCP: Packet Data Conversion Protocol•BMC: Broadcast/multicast control
• The protocol stacks for signalling and user data transfer can be seen with the two figures, which follow the nextone.
General Protocol Model for UTRAN
Interfaces
Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
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MAC Layer
RLC Layer
PHY Layer
(copied from TS 25.301 chap. 5.1)
Control Plane Signalling User Plane Signalling
RRC Layer
TrCHs
RLCRLCRLC
RLC
RLCRLC RLC
RLC
BMC
PDCPPDCP
PDCP
PhyCHs
LogCHs
RBs
control
controlcontrol
control
control
Radio Interface Protocol Architecture
(in UE)
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For this course module, following 3GPP specifications were used:
• TR 21.902, Evolution of 3GPP system• TS 23.002, Network architecture• TS 23.101, General UMTS Architecture• TS 23.107, Quality of Service (QoS) concept and architecture• TS 25.301, Radio interface protocol architecture• TS 25.308, UTRA HSDPA; Overall description; Stage 2• TS 25.401, UTRAN overall description• TR 25.876, MIMO in UTRA• TS 25.308, HSDPA – Overall Description• TS 25.309, FDD Enhanced Uplink (HSUPA) – Overall Description• TS 36.300, E-UTRA and E-UTRAN Overall Description• TR 36.913, LTE-Advanced
TS Technical SpecificationTR Technical Report
Remark:Most of these Specifications are available in different versions, mainly depending on the 3GPP Release. HSDPA is
only available starting with Release 5; therefore, HSDPA is only contained in Version 5 or later specifications.Release 99 is referred to as Version 3. Modifications within one release are possible, resulting in runningnumbers.
Example: TS 25.401 V3.10.0 gives an overall description of UTRAN based on Release 99. 10.0 refers to 10 (by3GPP) approved versions with minor corrections.
References