Post on 12-Apr-2017
transcript
Web Today, Gone Tomorrow? => transactional archiving of web content
Peter Burnhill
University of Edinburgh
Professional/Scholarly Publishing (PSP) Division, Association of American Publishers (AAP)Washington DC, 1-4 February 2017
Overview: Good News & Bad News + Remedy
3 Good News on Archiving e-Journals &
3 Red Alerts of Bad News on Integrity of e-Journals& their authors, customers & readers
+
5 Options to improve integrity of published productthat will help their authors, customers & readers
+ Amber Alerts
12 ‘Dark Archive Nodes’ in long-lived research institutionsin 8 different countries/jurisdictions:
North America: Indiana, Rice, Stanford, Virginia, OCLC; Alberta (Ca.)Europe: Edinburgh (UK); Humboldt (Ger); Cattolica dSC (It.)Asia/Pacific: ANU; NII (Japan); UHK
Triggered 29 titles so far[1.1 m downloads in 2016]
Triggered release at Stanford & EDINA via OpenURL's to local library link-resolvers & CrossRef
CLOCKSS Archive Network Library Stewardship: Global & Decentralized
not-for-profit joint venture Board: 12 publishers & 12 libraries
Cross-sectoral collaboration & innovation
Stanford
TRAC Certified
① Web-scale not-for-profit archiving agencies:
② National institutions (usually national libraries) …
③ Consortia of university libraries & specialist centres …
National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences
1. We now have a variety of digital shelving
National Science Library, Chinese Academy of Sciences
Good News: a lot of online e-journal content is being kept safe
Swiss National Library
… to discover who is looking after what An established Global Monitor
thekeepers.org
2. We have means to search ‘holdings’ on digital shelves
12 ‘keepers’ (+ Swiss National Library)
Funded by:
Developed & managed by:
on Title or ISSN, using the ISSN Register& ISSN-L as kernel field
6
Search for Origins of Life
… but coverage of volumes is
partial & patchy
This e-journal is being archived by 5 archiving agencies …
free to use @ thekeepers.org
3. Use Registry as ‘Observatory’: provide evidence on progress
3. Good News: # Titles known to be archived is increasing
more archiving + more archives reporting into Registry!
Kept Safer
Up by c.50% over past 3 years
Registry as ‘Observatory’: provide evidence on progress
‘e-journals’
Websites, Databases, Repositories
‘book-length work’
‘Gov Docs’
The Scholarly Record has a fuzzy edge
conference proceedings
‘e-magazines’
‘e-newsmedia’
‘data as findings’
+ access to the resources needed for Scholarship
e-theses
e-methods: software
‘e-journals’
‘book-length work’
conference proceedings
e-theses
Continuing Resources = ‘SERIALS’(issued in Parts)
‘ONGOING INTEGRATING RESOURCES’
(changes over Time)
Updating websites, repositories, databases
Govt. publications ‘issued on web’
trade magazines, etc.
ISSN assigned to:
‘e-newsmedia’
‘data as findings’
‘The Scholarly Record ….’
+
Practical focus: what ISSN identifies as ‘continuing resource’ issued online
Big variation by Country of Publication, 2016
3+
Elsevier Hindawi
Wiley etcSpringer Karger
T&F, CUP etc
very low KeepSafe Ratios
Amber Alert
Arts & Humanities
are very much ‘at risk’
‘elite’ Journals for some disciplines at risk
LawClassics
Classics
STEM Journalswell archived
%
From UK University submissions to ResearchExcellenceFrameworkREF 2014
Amber Alert
very many ‘at risk’ e-journals from the “65% of publishers”:
the hardest to reach & work with
BIG publishers act early but incompletely
** Amber Alert **
a lot of Arts, Humanities, Law & ‘applied’ literature not being archived
STEM Journalswell archived
Progress as archiving agencies form a Keepers Network to tackle that Long Tail and ensure completeness
=> Their recent Statement * endorsed by library community• ARL + CARL + LIBER + RLUK + AUL
IARLA : International Alliance of Research Library Associations • Ivy Plus Libraries Collections Group, USA
+ library groups in Canada, Australasia, South America and Europe
* ‘Working Together to Ensure the Future of the Digital Scholarly Record’http://thekeepers.blogs.edina.ac.uk/keepers-extra/ensuringthefuture
=> Need support from Publishers & Publisher Associations 1. To read and endorse the Keepers Statement *
• be vocal to all publishers in your support of archiving agencies• make it easier for archives to ingest your content & keep it safe
2. To dble-check actual ingest of your content via Keepers Registry
Useful links in addition to thekeepers.org
‘Ensuring the Future of the Digital Scholarly Record’, The Signal, Library of Congress
https://blogs.loc.gov/thesignal/2017/01/the-keepers-registry-ensuring-the-future-of-the-digital-scholarly-record/
‘Tales from The Keepers Registry: Serial Issues About Archiving & the Web’ Serials Review 39 2013
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.serrev.2013.02.003Author’s copy: https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/6682
‘Helping to ensure ease & continuity of access to digital resources’ Digital Future and You: Library of Congress, Washington DC, 10 December, 2012
Burnhill-Keepers-LibCongress.pdf
‘Building a Social Compact for Preserving E-Journals’ The Serials Librarian 70, 2016
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0361526X.2016.1141630 Anne Kenney NASIG 2015, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=03H376Npm0w
“that really great thing called the Keepers Registry.”
References to Content
=> Back into Scholarly Publications
=> Out onto the Web at Large
Has ‘fixity’ dynamic , lacks fixity
DOI, ISSN CLOCKSS, Portico,
CrossRef, etc
URLs‘Web today, gone tomorrow’
Reference RotE-Journal Archiving#keepers #hiberlink
Threat to Integrity of scholarly publication => References to Content
Now The Bad News: 3 Red Alerts for Publishers
Project 2 years: March 2013 to June 2015
Funder Andrew W. Mellon Foundation
Partners University of EdinburghEDINA & Language Technology Group, School of Informatics
Los Alamos National Laboratory
ambition1. Define and measure the extent of ‘Reference Rot’2. Scope possible intervention opportunities to stop the rot
we did that and went further to3. Devise sustainable solutions capable of maximal reach
The aim today is to4. Prompt action by those who can make a difference …
arXiv Elsevier corpus PMC
Dark solid lines represents URIs to Web-at-large, from 1997/2011
Red Alert 1 Scholarly Articles increasingly link to
Web Resources, not just back to other Articles
Klein M, Van de Sompel H, Sanderson R, Shankar H, Balakireva L, et al. (2014) Scholarly Context Not Found: One in Five Articles Suffers from Reference Rot. PLoS ONE 9(12): e115253. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115253http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115253
Data: 1.2m articles with URI references, of which 393,000 to ‘Wild Web’ => 1million URIs
Reference Rot = Link Rot + Content DriftWhen what was referenced & cited
ceases to say the same thing, or ‘has ceased to be’http://www.snorgtees.com/this-parrot-has-ceased-to-be
1. Link Rot: Link stops working
=> two questions about the 1 million URLs to Web-at-
large
1. Do those links (URLs) still work? - on the ‘Live Web’’?
2. Is there a ‘Memento’ of that reference in the ‘Archived Web’?
Klein M, Van de Sompel H, Sanderson R, Shankar H, Balakireva L, et al. (2014) Scholarly Context Not Found: One in Five Articles Suffers from Reference Rot. PLoS ONE 9(12): e115253. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115253 http://127.0.0.1:8081/plosone/article?id=info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0115253
within 14 days of publication date …PMC Elsevier
‘Not Archived’ 74.5% 75.2%
Of those ‘Not Archived’ % %
still ‘Live’ on the Web 80 67.3
‘No longer Live’ on the Web 20% 32.7% Many ‘missing, presumed lost’
Most referenced URIs at risk of loss
Team at Harvard Law School established similar evidence
• 70% of the URLs within [law] journals & 50% of the URLs within U.S. Supreme Court opinions … “do not produce the information originally cited.”
Jonathan Zittrain, Kendra Albert and Lawrence Lessig (2014). Perma: Scoping and Addressing the Problem of Link and Reference Rot in Legal Citations. Legal Information Management 14. doi:10.1017/S1472669614000255.
Red Alert 2
Reference Rot is already significant
Content Drift is even scarier!Red Alert 3
when what is at end of cited URL has changed, or gone!!http://dl00.org2000
http://dl00.org2004
http://dl00.org2005
http://dl00.org2008
(a) Dynamic contentas values on webpage changes over time
(b) Static contentbut very different (often unrelated) web pages
Content Drift (UK Web Archive, BL)
Andy Jackson (2015) Ten years of the UK web archive: what have we saved?http://netpreserve.org/sites/default/files/attachments/2015_IIPC-GA_Slides_03_Jackson.pptx
After 2 years: 40% of URIs gone from the live web (link rot) & 40% of URIs “unrecognizably (content drift)
‘Similarity’ of Representative Mementos & Live Web Content as at August 2015 by Year of Publication 655,000 Elsevier articles, 1997 to 2012
Jones SM, Van de Sompel H, Shankar H, Klein M, Tobin R, et al. (2016) Scholarly Context Adrift: Three out of Four URI References Lead to Changed Content. PLOS ONE 11(12): e0167475. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167475 http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0167475
‘Similarity’ decreases over time
After 3 years, only ¼ of URIs lead to unchanged content
+ increase in Link Rot
25%* fresh evidence on ‘Content Drift’ *
only about 25% of referenced resources
In articles published in 2012
remain unchanged by August of 2015
25%
25%
25%
Confirmed in all 3 datasets
=> Content of Citations Rot over Time!!
… leading to rotten references for the reader Get Smell Out Copyright © 2017
Rot in References means a Defective Article!
undermines the integrity of the scholarly record http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/tan/x5883e/x5883e01.htm
So what should to expect of the Publisher?
Beyond the assurance that the fish / references / articles
sold are not rotten
Kind permission from Manchester Evening News
5 Options to Remedy Reference Rot
Hint: Remedy for fish is ‘Quick Freeze & Store with Date Stamp’
Kind permission from Asia Quality Control
Always end on the +ve … !!
① Take Snapshot of what is at end of URL
& put in safe place until needed by reader• Various web archives support on-demand creation of
snapshots of URLs:– archive.is / Internet Archive / perma.cc / webcitation.org
Archive-It @archiveitorg perma.cc @permacc
Decide where to intervene for best effect?
Activity Actor Snapshot Quality
1. Preparation Author/reference tool best
2. Submission /Issue Editor/manuscript system
good
3. Access (post-publication)
Aggregator/publisher platform
better late than not
4. Shelving Librarian/IR, journal archive better than nothing
Need to put the means of re-creating fixity within the software being used in each workflow
‘Best’ would be to help authors do right thing - at earliest moment of capture!
http://the-animals-biography.blogspot.co.uk/2014/04/kingfisher.html
• Preparation -> Study -> Compose -> Submission
=> Good News: something already exists …
• Hiberlink Project: EDINA developed code for Zotero [open source]
NoteUniversity of Edinburgh now investigating how to assist doctoral students with their references to web resources in e-theses
② Help the Author record their dependencies?
• ‘transactional archiving’ of referenced web content • do it when noted & citation created
• OK, but how to effect change in note-taking software? eg EndNote, Mendeley, Reference Manager, RefMe, Zotero
… or needs to provide as evidence!
Alexander Lexén
https://www.flydreamers.com/en/photo/alexander-lexen-s-fly-fishing-catch-of-a-european-brown-trout-fly-dreamers-pic291999
More Good News:Metadata for the citation of that Snapshot
Three key elements should be recorded in the citation:1. Original URL 2. Snapshot URL where the web content was archived3. Date/Time when the snapshot was taken (& archived)
A proposed standard ‘Robust Links’ syntax is set out at
http://robustlinks.mementoweb.org/
③ Adapt the publisher process to ‘stop the rot’
• Submission -> Editing -> (Revision) -> Acceptance -> Issue
a) Publishers should create Snapshots in web archives • Editors to use citations with the 3 Robust Link elements
b) Submission systems should accept citations submitted with Robust Link syntax!• Engage / amend / use ‘Robust Links’ syntax
=> Yet More Good News: something already exists …Hiberlink Project: algorithm created for OJS [open source] ; code in GitHub
④ Value in having ‘Hibernator’ Infrastructure
Publishing platform ‘Hibernator’
External archival service
e.g. Internet Archive, Perma cc
• Asynchronous - returns Hiberlink in Robust Link format • Distributed - archived in different locations• Lightweight - leveraging HTTP & what already exists
as middleware which simplifies interaction between publisher systems & web archives
NoteUniversity of Edinburgh is building the Hibernator for its doctoral students to support references used as evidence in e-theses
Activity Responsibility Snapshot Quality
3. Access Platform better late than not
⑤ Act to help the Reader, given rot
Access/Post-Publication -> Reader Access -> Use• Install ‘Link Decoration’: enable readers to employ Memento
for search web archives for content ‘around time of submission’
Finish on this Good News: Herbert Van de Sompel et al. (2015) Robust Links - Link Decorationshttp://robustlinks.mementoweb.org/spec/
Thank You: Questions Welcome
p.burnhill@ed.ac.uk
With kind permission from 'Feather Saturnfly' on flickr, All Rights Reserved
Useful links – that still work Hiberlink.org
Scholarly Context Adrift: Three out of Four URI References Lead to Changed Content. PLOS ONE 11(12) doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167475
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0167475
The Cobweb: Can the Internet be archived? New Yorker, Annals of Technology, January 2015http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/01/26/cobweb
The growing problem of Internet “link rot” and best practices for media and online publishershttps://journalistsresource.org/studies/society/internet/website-linking-best-practices-media-online-publishers
Law Library of Congress Implements Solution for Link and Reference Rothttps://www.digitalgov.gov/2016/04/13/law-library-of-congress-implements-solution-for-link-and-reference-rot/