Welcome to General Biology IIDr. Ramos

Spring 2018

What are our goals in this class?

Diversity in organisms

What are our goals in this class?

Understand cell structure and function

What are our goals in this class?

Plant Anatomy and Physiology

What are our goals in this class?

Animal anatomy and physiology

Organismal Diversity and Classification Systems

Classification

Taxonomy

Organisms are sorted by common physical characteristics

Identifying, naming and classifying

Phylogeny

Organisms are sorted by molecular similarity/evolutionary relationships

• Cengage Video

Classification

• Carl Linnaeus• Binomial System• Two Parts (always italicized, species lower case)

• Genus (Identifies closely related organisms) • species (Identifies only one ‘kind’ of organism)

• Example: Homo sapiens

• Species: group of individuals sharing common physical characteristics which breed with each other, but do not normally interbreed with members of other species

Classification

Domain GeneralKingdom

PhylumClass

OrderFamily

GenusSpecies Specific

subspecies, races, strains, variants

Taxonomic Classification of Five Species

from left, Joaquim Gaspar; © kymkemp.com; Sylvie Bouchard/Shutterstock.com; Courtesy of Melissa SGreen, www.flickr.com/photos/henkimaa; © Grodana Sarkotic.

domain

kingdom

wild carrot

eukarya

plantae

marijuana

eukarya

plantae

apple

eukarya

plantae

prickly rose

eukarya

plantae

dog rose

eukarya

plantae

phylum magnoliophyta magnoliophyta magnoliophyta magnoliophyta magnoliophyta

class magnoliopsida magnoliopsida magnoliopsida magnoliopsida magnoliopsida

order apiales rosales rosales rosales rosales

family apiaceae Cannabaceae rosaceae rosaceae rosaceae

genus Daucus Cannabis Malus Rosa Rosa

species carota sativa domestica acicularis canina

Modern taxonomy

• Carl Woese• Use of 16S rRNA• Discovery of Archaea • Cladogram

• Evolutionary tree• Diagram of evolutionary

connections• Each line represents a lineage• Node is a point of branching

into two lineages called sister groups

Organizing Evolutionary Relationships

• Different classification systems view evolutionary relationships in different ways

• Six-kingdom classification system

• Three-domain system

• A tree of life shows proposed patterns of evolution among major groups of organisms

Classification Systems