Post on 07-Jul-2020
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Welkom
Nieuwe technieken in de plantenveredeling
KLV Impuls 20 maart 2017
René Smulders & Bert Lotz
Precision Plant Breeding techniques
René Smulders and Bert Lotz
Domestication and breeding for 10,000 yrs
Exploiting diversity in crops
Precision Breeding Techniques
– Normal innovations in Plant Breeding
– Established partly in response to GMO problems
– Potentially very strong methods to achieve
‘Precision Breeding’ and shorten breeding cycles
especially in cross-pollinators and vegetatively
propagated crops
– Potato, apple, banana, cassave, …
– Difficult if not impossible to detect in end
product
Techniques include:
• Marker-assisted selection
• (Classic) mutation breeding
• Somatic cell fusion
• Cisgenesis/Intragenesis
• Reverse breeding
• Agro-inoculation
• Genome editing
• Homologous recombination
• Early flowering
Product: improved plants
1. Plant which contains - combinations of e.g. resistance genes
2. Plant which contains - (small) modifications of its own DNA
3. Plant which contains - no modifications of its own DNA
Late blight (Phytophthora) in potato
Aveka
Desiree
Premiere
Untreated Cisgenic
protection
Chemical
protection
19
66
126 1065
1056
1108
554
427
598
Aveka
Desiree
Premiere
Time path of Rpi-blb2 introgression
S.ACAULE (4X) S. BULBOCASTANUM (2X)
AB (3X + 4X)
AB (6X) S. PHUREJA (2X)
ABP (4X) S. TUBEROSUM
ABPT (4X + 6X) S. TUBEROSUM
ETC.
1959
1965
Selection
Testing
cv Bionica 2005 cv Toluca
1980
x
Time path of R gene introduction by GM approach
S.ACAULE (4X) S. BULBOCASTANUM (2X)
AB (3X + 4X)
AB (6X) S. PHUREJA (2X)
ABP (4X) S. TUBEROSUM
ABPT (4X + 6X) S. TUBEROSUM
ETC.
1959
1965
cv Bionica ~2005 cv Toluca
1980
2007
2010
cv Desiree
cv Desiree PLUS
Cisgenesis:
Natural gene from a crossable species
Enables resistance management
Maintenance of the elite variety
T.W. Mew - IRRI, Los Baños (PH)
Bacterial blight (Xanthomonas) in rice
Li et al. Nature Biotechnology 30 (2012), pp. 390–392
Xoo resistance through genome editing
Editing 4 nucleotides
in the promotor
confers
resistance
Genome editing
Technically easy
Targeted change
Enables exploiting genomics
Scab in apple
Apple scab is major disease in apple
Common culture: 20 sprays/season
Scab (Venturia) in apple
Apple scab resistance
5 generations, 50 years conventional breeding
5 generations, 15 years using early flowering
Early flowering
Natural gene from a crossable species
Identical to conventional breeding
Decades earlier
Precision Breeding Techniques
– Enable durable, effective and fast breeding
Mutation breeding
GM
Conventional breeding
Wrap up...
NPBT hold exciting possibilities for plant breeding
Techniques enable fast and precise breeding
Enable exploiting genomics information, also in small and underutilized crops
Towards a more sustainable farming
Sustainability indicators with regard to People, planet, profit
General requirements
Optimal conditions soil, water, atmosphere
Optimal plant material
● Breeding (‘Classical’ + New breeding Technology)
Optimal farming (‘Good agricultural practice’)
Planet Profit People
Production efficiency (use of land, water, biocides, nutrients and energy)
Farm income Labour conditions
Soil conservation National income Land rights, rights of
indigenous people and community rights
Water conservation Economic welfare
distribution Freedom of choice
Biodiversity Financial and other risks Contribution to livelihood
of producers and local communities
Climate change
Sustainability performance of crops
(Franke et al. 2011, Lotz et al. 2014)
Societal debate on GM crops
Mixture of ethical concerns
Consequentialism/Utilitarianism
● Weighing pro’s and cons, risks and opportunities
Deontological ethics
● Intrinsic value of life (e.g. in organic farming)
● No role as Creator
● Freedom to choice
● Symmetry
● Thresholds, labelling
Organic breeding and cisgenesis
Output DuRPh-project
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
No
.
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
GroenLinks Verkiezingsprogramma (p. 75)
Punt 21. In Nederland wordt gestreefd naar landbouw die vrij is van transgenetische manipulatie. Cisgenese wordt onder strikte voorwaarden toegestaan.
Concerns - items for debate and dialogue
Novel hazards
Agro-ecological framing is missing
Power issues linked to patents
Costs of abandoning new technology in
agriculture
● Health
● Environment
● Economy
Debate...
Bedankt en tot ziens!