Post on 16-Dec-2015
transcript
What movies have you seen with professional psychologists as characters?
• kind of work done?• area of specialty?• how realistic was characterization?
Exercise: Psychologist as Scientist
List three adjectives that describe a typical psychologist.
List three adjectives that describe a typical scientist.
art chemistry
___1_________2_________3_________4_________5_________6_________7___
philosophy physics
Science: Where is Psychology?
Roots of Psychology – Pre-scientificDualism – Mind/Body are separate and interact
Monism – Mind/Body are parts of the same thing.
Hippocrates- mind/soul reside in the brain but not a physical substance.
Plato – used self examination(introspection) and concluded knowledge is Innate
Descartes – “I think, therefore I am”
Aristotle – mind/soul are a result of our anatomy and physiology. Knowledge is acquired by experience.
Locke – we are born a “blank slate” (tabula rasa) and experience fills the slate.
Psychology’s RootsPsychological Science is Born
Wilhelm Wundt (1879)• Founder of scientific
psychology• Set up first lab in 1879 in
Leipzig, Germany • Focused on structure of the
mind and indentifying basic elements of consciousness using introspection.
Psychology developed into three different branches, or schools of thought
• structuralism (structural elements)
• functionalism (functions)
• behaviorism (observable behavior)
Structuralism Thinking About the Mind’s STRUCTURE Emphasizes consciousness and identification of
elements of thought using introspection.Wilhelm Wundt - studied consciousness using
introspection. G. Stanley Hall – brought introspection to U.S.
at John Hopkins University, First President of American Psychological Association (A.P.A).
Edward Titchener – studied elements of consiousness at Cornell University.
Margaret Washburn – First woman to complete her Ph.D. in psychology
Functionalism – Thinking about the mind’s FunctionEmphasizes how organisms uses its
perceptual abilities to adapt to its environment. Want to EXPLAIN behavior by OBSERVING behavior.
William James – wrote Principles of Psychology.
Mary Whiton Calkins – first woman president of the A.P.A.
Functionalism paved the way for behaviorism and applied subfields of psychology.
Unit 1 Pop Quiz(get a piece of paper)
A test of how you react to unexpected situations
Q#1: What did you experience when you learned of the “pop” quiz? (introspection)
Q#2: Which thoughts and emotions were Expressed by the class? (observable)
Q#3: What steps might you take to overcome anxiety when faced with unexpected situations?(applied)
Psychological Science Develops (1920s)Sigmund Freud (childhood
experiences and unconscious thought processes affect behavior)
LO #3
Sex
Violence
Unconscious Mind
Psychological Science Develops (1960s)Behaviorism
John B. Watson B.F. Skinner
(reinforcement theory)
“study of observable behavior”
Fidgeting
Crying
trembling
“you be the parent”(1. You caught your son/daughter sneaking out the window on Sat night…..)(2. You want your son/daughter to study at least 1 hour every night….)
Behavior Encouraged Behavior Suppressed
Stimulus presented
+(get)
Stimulus removed
or withheld
–(remove)
Psychological Science Develops 1960sHumanistic psychology
Carl Rogers (environmental influences, need for love and acceptance)
Abraham Maslow
(hierarchy of needs)
Psychological Science Develops 1960s Cognitive Neuroscience
(study of brain functioning)
examples . . . What part of brain is working when we do arithmetic? What chemical allows us to react to physical excitement or danger?
And
Cognitive-Behavioral theory.
How do my thoughts affect my behaviors?
Think / Feel / DoStressful Peaceful
Example: Cut off by speeding, reckless motorist!
Wronged
Anger
Horn & Finger!
Accepting
Peaceful
Smile or a Shrug
Thought
Feeling
Action
Sinful(Old Adam)
Godly( New Man )
1 2
3
4
5 6
7
Assignment:
Recall two occurrences when you recognize and then intentionally restructure your emotional response to a cognitive event.
Prepare to share one in class.
Psychological Science Develops
Psychology-Defined as: The Scientific
study of Behavior and
Mental processes. 3 partsScientific study – collection and
examination of data to prove or support hypotheses.
Behavior – anything observable.Mental Processes – thoughts,
feelings, sensations, perceptions. (unobservable)
Psychological Approaches/Perspectives
biological
evolutionary
psychodynamic
behavioral
cognitive
humanistic
social-cultural
• physiological and bio-chemical factors that determine behavior and mental processes.
• how the natural selection of traits promoted the survival of the human species
• how behavior is influenced by unconscious drives and conflicts
• how organisms react to stimuli, learning as a result of experience.
• how we encode, process, store and retrieve information
• how we meet our needs for love and acceptance, and achieve self-fulfillment
• how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
FIELDS:
Biological psychology
Developmental psychology
Educational psychology
Personality psychology
Social psychology
basic research • investigates persistent traits
• studies changing abilities throughout the life span
• explores how we view and affect one another
• studies influences on teaching and learning
• explores link between brain and behavior
FIELDS:
Industrial/organizational psychology
Counseling psychology
Clinical psychology
psychiatry
applied research• helps people cope with
adjustments, challenges, and crises
• used in the workplace to help companies select and train employees
• medical doctors who may prescribe drugs in treatment
• assesses and treats mental, emotional, and behavior disorders
• focuses on interaction of people, machines, and physical environments
Psychology’s Biggest QuestionNature-Nurture Is
suebiology vs. experience
Are we a product of how we are born, biologically predisposed, DNA, etc..
OR are we a result of our experiences?
• What is Structuralisms goal and method?
• What is Functionalisms goal and method?
• What is the difference between Introspection and Observation?
• Which modern approaches fit with Structuralism?
• Which modern approaches fit with Functionalism?
Unit 1 Review
• Who said:
• “the mind is a tabula rasa”
• “I think, therefore I am”
• “We learn from experience”
• “Knowledge is Innate”
Unit 1 Review
• What is Structuralisms goal and method?• Emphasizes consciousness and identification of elements of thought using
introspection.
• What is Functionalisms goal and method?• Emphasizes how organisms uses its perceptual abilities to adapt to its environment.
Want to EXPLAIN behavior by OBSERVING behavior.
• What is the difference between Introspection and Observation?
• Introspection is looking within and self reporting, while observation is reporting what behaviors you and others can see and measure.
• Which modern approaches fit with Structuralism?• Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic, Humanistic, Evolutionary, Social Cultural
• Which modern approaches fit with Functionalism?• Behavioral, Biological, cognitive
Unit 1 Review
• Who said:
• “the mind is a tabula rasa” - Locke - Monism
• “I think, therefore I am” – Descartes - Dualism
• “We learn from experience” – Aristotle - Monism
• “Knowledge is Innate” - Plato - Dualism
Unit 1 Review
Video: Vol. 1, DVD2, Psychological Disorders #2
Postpartum Psychosis: The Case of Andrea Yates
(7:00)
Set 5
Biological / Neuroscience – Behaviorism – Humanistic psychology – Evolutionary psychology – Psychoanalysis / psychodynamic – Developmental psychology – Cognitive psychology –
Behavior of Andrea Yates (p. 9)