GOALS

To understand and differentiate between the following bio-psycho-social theories/perspectives:

~ Medical model~Cognitive development theory~Psychodynamic theory~Behavioral/learning theory~Humanistic perspective

What is the medical model?

~Clients/problems should be viewed in the context of the environment in which they occur

~Considers people’s “systems”

~Important perspective in social work

What is cognitive development theory?…think Piaget!

Assumptions:

1.) Children are born basically good.2.) Nature and nurture are important.3.) Children play an active role in their

development.4.) Development is discontinuous or in stages.5.) These stages are universal.

What are the stages in Piaget’s theory?

SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (birth – age 2)

Substage Age Activity

Reflex Activity to 1 month baby learns about world through primitive reflexes

Primary Circular 1-4 months baby learns reflex actions bring pleasurableReactions results and repeats those actions

Secondary Circular 4-8 months baby learns to control things other thanReactions body and repeats random actions for results

Coordination of 8-12 months baby takes several random activities and Secondary Schemes puts them together to achieve goal

Tertiary Circular 12-18 months can think up activities and experiment toReactions see how things work

Beginning of 18 to 24 months transitions from being action oriented to Representational being symbol oriented; has object Thought permanence; can solve problems

PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (2-7 years)

Substage Age Limits in Reasoning

Symbolic Function 2-4 AnimismPrecausal or transductive reasoning

Egocentrism Appearance/reality distinction

Intuitive Thought 4-7 Class inclusionProblems of conservation

CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE (7-11 years)

Mental Operations Children Can Now Perform

Reversibility can mentally undo a sequence of actions

Conservation two objects remain the same even if a property of one is changed in a superficial way

Classification can now classify objects into hierarchical groups

Seriation ability to organize objects in an orderly series

FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE (12-16 years)

Hallmarks

Hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Inductive reasoning

CENTRAL IDEAS IN PIAGET’S THEORY

~Schema~Adaptation~Assimilation~Accommodation

What is psychodynamic theory?…think Freud!

Assumptions:1.) Human nature is inherently selfish and aggressive.2.) Nature is more important. Biological forces push child through stages.3.) Children are passively driven by these biological forces.4.) Development is discontinuous or stagelike (in psychosexual stages).5.) The psychosexual stages are universal.

CENTRAL IDEAS IN FREUD’S THEORY•Unconscious•Preconscious•Conscious

• Id •Ego

•Superego 

What are the stages in psychosexual development?

ORAL (birth to 18 mos)

ANAL (1 ½ - 3 years)

PHALLIC (3 – 5 years)

LATENCY (5 years to puberty)

GENITAL (puberty on)

 

What is psychodynamic theory?…think Erikson!

Assumptions:1.) We’re born basically good.2.) Nature or biological forces determine that people will go through psychosocial stages and experience each life crisis, then nurture or social forces determine how each crisis is resolved.3.) Children actively participate in developmental outcomes.4.) Development is discontinuous or in stages.5.) The psychosocial stages are universal.

CENTRAL IDEAS IN ERIKSON’S THEORY•Sex and biology aren’t all that

important after all!

•The Epigenetic Principle

•Biological and social demands push us to the next stage of development, ready or not!

•Lifespan approach

What are the stages in Erikson’s theory?

 

Trust vs. Mistrust

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt

Industry vs. Inferiority

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

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What is behavioral theory?…think Pavlov,

Watson, Skinner, and Bandura!

Assumptions:1.) We’re born neither good nor bad.2.) Nurture is more important.3.) Passively shaped by experiences and environment.4.) Development is continuous and gradual (no stages…yeah!).5.) Development is particularistic, shaped by life experiences.

What are the beginnings of learning theory?

1.) Classical Conditioning~Watson’s famous experiment~Pavlov and his dogs

2.) Operant/Instrumental Conditioning~Skinner & Reinforcement

What is Bandura’s social learning theory (another form of learning theory)?

Assumptions:1,) Born neither good nor bad.2.) Nurture is more important.3.) People are active in their development and can influence their environment.4.) Development is continuous (no stages – yeah!).5.) Development is particularistic – depends on experiences.

What are the humanistic theories/approaches?

~Existentialism and the Humanistic perspective

1.) Rogers’s person-centered or client-centered therapy (not your instructor)

2.) Gestalt (Fritz Perls)

3.) Transactional analysis