Post on 14-Jan-2016
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What makes Earth unique
Where is the water on our
planet ?
Water volume, in Percent of
cubic miles total water
Oceans 317,000,000 97.2400%
Icecaps, Glaciers 7,000,000 2.1400%
Ground water 2,000,000 0.6100%
Fresh-water lakes 30,000 0.0090%
Inland seas 25,000 0.0080%
Soil moisture 16,000 0.0050%
Atmosphere 3,100 0.0010%
Rivers 300 0.0001%
Total water volume 326,000,000 100%
Water source
Water Storage Reservoirs
Water (Hydrologic) Cycle
Pathways and Processes
•Evaporation
•Transpiration
•Condensation
•Precipitation
•Surface Runoff
•Infiltration
Evapotranspiration
Why is the water cycle important ?
•Essential for Life
•Transportation
•Drinking Water
•Irrigation
•Industrial Processing
Surface Water
Running Water
Stream Erosion
Transport and Deposition of Sediments
Drainage Networks
Stages of Valley Development
1. Laminar Flow - particles flow in a straight-line path, parallel to the stream channel
2. Turbulent Flow - water moves in an erratic fashions characterized by swirling, whirlpool-like eddies
Controlled by: velocity of flow and roughness of the channel bottom
Running Water(streamflow)
Running Water(streamflow)
Discharge - the amount (volume) of water passing a certain point in a given amount of time.
m3/sec, MGD, cfs, gal/min.
Headwaters Mouth
Stream Gradient
Stream Erosion
Fast moving water erodes material.
Slow moving water deposits material.
Transportation - stream transport provides a mechanism by which solid particles of various sizes are separated (SORTED).
Deposition - well-sorted material deposited by streams is called (ALLUVIUM).
Transport and Deposition of Sediments
Channel Deposits
Transport and Deposition of Sediments
Bars - temporary channel deposits of sand, gravel, and coarser components of the stream’s load.
Point Bars - bars which occur on the inside of a bend.
Stream Erosion
Cut Bank
Point Bar
Transport and Deposition of Sediments
Meander – a looplike bend in the coarse of a stream
Development of Ox Bow Lakes
Ox Bow Lakes
Braided
Streams
Braided Streams
Deltas and Alluvial Fans
Alluvial Fans – develop where a high-gradient stream leaves a narrow mountainous valley.
Drainage Patterns
Drainage Patterns
Drainage Patterns
Stages of Valley Development - Youth
Stages of Valley Development - Maturity
Stages of Valley Development - Maturity
Stages of Valley Development – Old Age
Floodplain - the part of the valley that is inundated during a flood
Floodplain
Mississippi River