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What we know (and don’t know) about pneumonia in beef calves prior to weaning
David R. Smith, DVM, PhD Mississippi State UniversityCollege of Veterinary Medicine
Is pneumonia an emerging disease of pre-weaned beef calves?
Where do emerging diseases come from? System Dynamics• Emergence of a novel agent
• Acquire new virulence factors• Introduction into a new geo-political region
• Emergence of a known, previously controlled, agent• Emergence of a susceptible host (genetic, nutritional …)• Emergence of a production system that favors a
particular pathogenIncreased Awareness• Mitigation of a disease of greater impact• Social interest –everyone’s suddenly talking about it…
Pre-Weaning Pneumonia in
Beef Calves
Pre-Weaning Pneumonia in Beef Calves
Host-pathogen interactions
Population dynamics
Bovine Respiratory Disease• Recent NAHMS surveys confirm that BRD is the leading
cause of mortality in U.S. feedlot cattle, weaned dairy heifers, and nursing beef calves 3 weeks of age or older –all classes of cattle
• BRD deaths alone cost producers over $643 million annually (2010 estimate, USDA NASS)
• Thus BRD has a significant impact on the profitability of cattle operations and on the health and welfare of cattle
Cost of pre-weaning pneumonia 29,000,000 US beef cow inventory24,650,000 85% calves born alive
147,900 0.6% excess death loss due to BRD400 weaned calf lbs
1.90$ price per pound112,404,000$ 760.00$ losses due to excess BRD mortality
1,479,000 6% treated calves36,975,000 25 lbs weaning wt lost from treated calves70,252,500$ losses due to lost weaning wt from BRD22,185,000$ 15.00$ cost to treat a calf for BRD
204,841,500$ Total cost of BRD prior to weaning.
JAVMA, Vol 243, No. 4, August 15, 2013 538-547
Objective—To identify herd-level risk factors for bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in nursing beef calves.Design—Population-based cross-sectional survey.Sample—2,600 US cow-calf producers in 3 Eastern and 3 Plains states.
Results –Bovine respiratory disease had been detected in at least 1 calf in 21% of operations
JAVMA, Vol 243, No. 4, August 15, 2013 538-547
“Detection of BRD in calves was significantly associated with large herd size, detection of BRD in cows, and diarrhea in calves. Calving season length was associated with BRD in calves in Plains states but not Eastern states.
Cumulative incidence of BRD treatment was negatively associated with large herd size and examination of cows to detect pregnancy and positively associated with calving during the winter, introduction of calves from an outside source, offering supplemental feed to calves, and use of an estrous cycle synchronization program for cows.”
AABP Research Summaries, Milwaukee, WI. Sept 19, 2013
A survey of veterinarians in 6 U.S. states regarding their experience with nursing beef calf respiratory diseaseAmelia R. Woolums, Roy D. Berghaus, David R. Smith, Brad J. White, Terry J. Engelken, Max B. Irsik, Darin K. Matlik, A. Lee Jones, Isaiah J. Smith
ResultsRespondents reported that 18% of their cow-calf clients had nursing calf BRD in the previous year, with 5% of their cow-calf clients having 5% or greater incidence, and 14% of their clients having at least one calf die of BRD.
AABP Research Summaries, Milwaukee, WI. Sept 19, 2013
A survey of veterinarians in 6 U.S. states regarding their experience with nursing beef calf respiratory diseaseAmelia R. Woolums, Roy D. Berghaus, David R. Smith, Brad J. White, Terry J. Engelken, Max B. Irsik, Darin K. Matlik, A. Lee Jones, Isaiah J. Smith
ResultsFrom a list of possible risk factors for nursing calf BRD, at least 50% of respondents selected “weather”, “inadequate colostrum consumption”, “introducing new cattle”, “failure to give nursing calves BRD vaccines”, “failure to give cows BRD vaccines”, “calf diarrhea in the herd”, “vitamin/mineral deficiency for cows/calves”, “protein/energy deficiency for cows/calves”, “BVDV PI cattle in the herd”, and “calving cows and/or heifers in confinement” as contributing to nursing calf BRD.
Component causes!
Component causes• Disease is not observed until the sum of
component causes complete a sufficient cause
• The agent may be necessary for disease• The agent alone may not be sufficient to cause
disease
Mannh. hemol.
BVDV
Cold
D
E
BVDV
Dust
X
ZMannh. hemol.
Mannh. hemol.
PI3
Dust
N
O
Sufficient cause 1 Sufficient cause 2 Sufficient cause 3…
• Infection is common but disease is rare • Until something makes the system “unstable” –
then an apparent disease outbreak• Complete a sufficient cause
• Introduce a new risk factor• e.g. Bovine respiratory disease complex• e.g. Salmonella
• Loss of herd immunity• Age (e.g. neonatal calf diarrhea)• Immunosuppression• Remove antigenic challenge (e.g. stop vaccinating)
Disease control programs may create naïve subpopulations –susceptible to outbreaks! eg. BVDV
Component Causes Explain Endemic Stability
Time dependent factors of the production system affect pathogen exposure and the immune response
• Passive immunity
• Age• Pathogen
survival• Pathogen
exposure• Stressors• Nutrition• Parasitism• Pregnancy
Weaning
Surgery
Mud
Heat
Cold
Nutrition, Genetics…
Commingling
Immunity
Exposure
Time
Exposure and immunity as a function of time
BRD in Pre-weaned Calves: When and Why?
Agents
Imm
unity
Active immune response
Passive Acquired
Antibodies from colostrum
Age
Immunity
Passive
Antibodies from colostrum
Age
T1/2 of antibodies from colostrum is 16 daysRoth. 2009. Current Vet Therapy Food Anim Pract
0 30 60 90 120 150 1800%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
ImmunityAntibodies from colostrum
Age
T1/2 of antibodies from colostrum is 16 daysRoth. 2009. Current Vet Therapy Food Anim Pract
2048512128
Initial antibody titer
Imm
unity
Active immune response
Age
The immune system is functional, but unprimed, at birth
Prior to 5-8 months of age the immune response is weaker, slower, and easier to overcome.Cortese. 2009. Vet Clin NA, 25(1)221-227
Kirkpatrick JAVMA, Vol 233, No. 1, July 1, 2008
Kirkpatrick et al. JAVMA, Vol 233, No. 1, July 1, 2008Early: 67d, 190d Late: 167d, 190d
Kirkpatrick et al. JAVMA, Vol 233, No. 1, July 1, 2008 Early: 67d, 190d Late: 167d, 190d
Age and immunity to BRD
Incidence of BRD by age• 14 years• Pre-weaning data• 14,792 steer calves• Surviving to
feedlot finish
Smith DR. 2013. Unpublished
Pre-weaning BRDHerd 1
• Age distribution of 87 pneumonia cases from among 296 pre-weaned calves from a Nebraska ranch
• 29% cumulative incidence
Pre-weaning BRDHerd 2
• Age distribution of 49 pneumonia cases from among 255 pre-weaned calves from a Nebraska ranch
• 19% cumulative incidence
Pre-weaning BRDHerd 3
• Age distribution of 96 summer pneumonia cases from 2,065 calves born over a 4 year period.
• 5% cumulative incidence
Pre-weaning BRDHerd 4
• Age distribution of 138 summer pneumonia cases from 630 calves born in 2012
• 22% cumulative incidence
110,412 calves20 years
“…there seem to be two periods of increasing BRD transmission rate (0 to 20, and 70 to 100 d of age)…. Epidemiological studies of these phases may lead to management alternatives to decrease BRD incidence.”Snowder et al. 2005. J Anim Sci
110,412 calves20 years
“The greater incidence between 75 and 170 d of age may be partially attributed to increased commingling of animals during the breeding season when cows were frequently gathered for AI.”Snowder et al. 2005. J Anim Sci
110,412 calves20 years
Herd immunity
• Transmission is hindered because a majority of animals are immune –inefficient transmission means the pathogen may “die out” (R0 <1) before everyone is exposed
• Results in protection of susceptible animals within the group• Better to be the susceptible calf within a pen of
well-immunized cattle, than the only one vaccinated
• For this reason successful vaccine programs are “group-based”
BRSV SN titers179 calves serially sampled
As calves in the population age the distribution of titers shifts to the left
Leaving a smaller proportion of calves protected and a larger proportion of calves susceptible
Data provide by A Woolums
BRSV SN titers179 calves serially sampled
As calves in the population age the distribution of titers shifts to the left
Leaving a smaller proportion of calves protected and a larger proportion of calves susceptible
Data provide by A Woolums
BRSV SN titers179 calves serially sampled
As calves in the population age the distribution of titers shifts to the left
Leaving a smaller proportion of calves protected and a larger proportion of calves susceptible
Data provide by A Woolums
Epidemic CurveHerd 1
• Epidemic curve of BRD in Herd 1.
• Lines represent the proportion of calves at least 100 or 120 days of age each week.
Epidemic CurveHerd 2
• Epidemic curve of BRD in Herd 2.
• Lines represent the proportion of calves at least 100 or 120 days of age each week.
Epidemic CurveHerd 4
• Epidemic curve of BRD in Herd 4. • Lines represent the proportion of
calves at least 100 or 120 days of age each week.
Age and immunity to BRD
Incidence of BRD by age• 14 years• Pre-weaning data• 14,792 steer calves• Surviving to
feedlot finish
Smith DR. 2013. Unpublished
Age and BRD by year
Mean days of age at BRD treatment = 89.4Median = 91.4
• 14 years• Pre-weaning data• 14,792 steer calves• Surviving to feedlot
finish• Error bars = 1 stdev
Smith DR. 2013. Unpublished
BRD by year• 14 years• Pre-weaning data• 14,792 steer calves• Surviving to feedlot
finish• Significant
differences by year in BRD cumulative incidence
Smith DR. 2013. Unpublished
Ranch vs Feedlot BRD
Incidence of BRD on the ranch appeared unrelated to incidence of feedlot BRD
Smith DR. 2013. Unpublished
Line of equivalence
Ranch incidence greater
Feedlot incidence greater
Ranch vs Feedlot BRD
Some years calves with BRD on the ranch were at greater risk for BRD in the feedlot, some years it was the opposite.
Smith DR. 2013. Unpublished
Calf gender is associated with BRD risk
5,078 calf records from 4 ranches and 20 management groups.
Adjusting for age of the dam, heifer calves were less likely (OR = 0.83) and bull calves more likely (OR = 1.46) than steers to develop BRD prior to weaning (p=0.01)
Age of the dam is associated with BRD risk
5,078 calf records from 4 ranches and 20 management groups. Adjusting for gender, compared to calves born to cows 4 years or older, calves with two year old dams and 3 year old dams had 1.67 and 1.11 times greater odds for BRD (p=0.0004)
Conclusions from ranch BRD outbreak investigations
Calf level characteristics:• Age of the dam affects BRD risk• Gender of the calf may affect BRD risk
Herd level characteristics:• Two patterns of occurrence of pneumonia
• sporadically in young calves • large sudden outbreaks in older calves
Conclusions from ranch BRD outbreak investigations
The explanation of these two patterns may be:
• failure of passive transfer resulting in more sporadic cases in very young calves
• Loss of herd immunity resulting in outbreaks of pneumonia in older calves.
Conclusions from ranch BRD outbreak investigations
• Herd immunity (or lack of it) may play an important role in the occurrence of pneumonia in ranch calves.• Increased incidence of BRD in calves ~90-150 days of age• Sudden outbreaks of BRD when a large portion of the herd is in this age
range• Lose endemic stability• Susceptible = potentially infective resulting in overwhelming exposure
• Other time related environmental/management factors may affect pathogen exposure and host susceptibility
Acknowledgements• Amelia Woolums, UGA• Dale Grotelueschen, UNL GPVEC• Suzanne Genova, MSU• Russ Daly, SDSU• Gerald Stokka, NDSU• Al Doster, Dustin Loy, Bruce Brodersen UNL VDC• Many ranchers and veterinarians throughout the US
A contribution of the Beef Cattle Population Health Program at Mississippi State University. Supported by the Mikell and Mary Cheek Hall Davis Endowment for Beef Cattle Health and Reproduction.Supported in part by a grant from Zoetis
David R. Smith, DVM, PhD
Dipl. ACVPM (Epidemiology)
Mikell and Mary Cheek Hall Davis Endowed Professor
Beef Program Leader
dsmith@cvm.msstate.edu
Dept. of Pathobiology and Population Medicine
PO Box 6100, 240 Wise Center Drive, Rm A1204
Mississippi State, MS 39762