Post on 28-Mar-2015
transcript
Where technology enables knowledge
The National ICT Research Centre
Technology Supported Learning: A Way
Forward?
John O’Donoghue Senior Research Fellow
National ICT Research Centre
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Virtual Education and Lifelong Learning are not new phenomena!
……this I conceive to be the advantage of a seat of universal learning, considered as a place of education. An assemblage of learned men, zealous for their own sciences, and rivals of each others, are brought, by familiar intercourse and for the sake of intellectual peace, to adjust together the claims and relations of their respective subjects of investigation. They learn to respect, to consult, to aid each other. Thus is created a pure and clear atmosphere of thought, which the student also breathes, though in his own case he only pursues a few sciences out of the multitude. He profits by an intellectual tradition, which is independent of particular teachers, which guides him in his choice of subjects. . . . He apprehends the great outlines of knowledge, the principles on which it rests, the scale of its parts. . . . Hence it is that his education is called "liberal." A habit of mind is formed which lasts through life, of which the attributes are freedom, equitableness, calmness, moderation, and wisdom….
John Henry ‘Cardinal’ Newman circa 1850
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PoliticalEducation top priority in UK, Europe & US Recognition that time spent on education must increase
EconomicKnowledge economy Raise standards Close skill gap to ensure competitiveness
SocialExpectations of anywhere/anytime Expectations of parents
TechnologyDemand for bandwidth by internet users
Background
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Benefits of E-Learning
• Liberation of the students from regimented conduct of traditional universities
• “In-time learning” allows the curriculum to become more fluent to suit the needs of the learners
• Shift from the traditional “print culture” to a more sensory culture
• ……………….
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Conventional Instructional Delivery Versus E-Learning Conventional Instructional Delivery E-Learning Students physically come to learning sites (campuses).
Students participate at locations remote from the instructor.
Students take classes at time predetermined by the institution.
Learner determines when to access institution based on individual needs.
Single college or university provides all instructional and student services needed by students.
Educational services are unbundled, with different providers developing course materials, delivering instruction, evaluating students, awarding credentials, providing access to information, and offering various student services.
Student is affiliated with one institution at a time.
Learners are concurrently associated with multiple providers and modes of instruction.
Learning objectives are specified by the institution.
Learners shop for opportunities that fit their specific needs.
Terms of relationship with students are determined by the institution (for example, time and place of instruction, sequences of courses, terms of admission).
Students design their own programme with regard to content, length, structure, and so forth.
Programme completion is defined by the institution in terms of credit hours earned.
Programme completion is defined by knowledge gained and skills mastered.
Educause, 2000
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Paradigmatic Shifts
• New emphasis on social contexts for learning
• Learning occurs outside the classroom environment
• Removal of traditional boundaries to learning
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Convergence of MediaPrint Film and video
Data
Digital Digital storagestorage
Broadcast
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Cable TV
Broadcast
Convergence of NetworksLAN
Telephony
Full-servicenetwork
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Current network and servicesCable started with better TV reception, and…
grew through new forms of TV programming
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Future network and services
EducationEducation
ShoppingShopping
DirectoriesDirectories
Government
GamesGames
Interactive Television will start with basic services, and…….
Health
InternetInternetEmail
TrainingTraining
LegalLegal
Financial servicesFinancial services
Will grow with new forms of TV programming
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CommunicationEducation Information Home Services Entertainment
I wantInformation based
services at my fingertips!
Paradigm shifts: Delivery
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The Internet's pace of adoption eclipses all other technologies
• Radio was in existence 38 years before 50 million people tuned in
• TV took 13 years to reach that benchmark• Sixteen years after the first PC kit came out, 50
million people were using one• Once it was opened to the general public, the
Internet crossed that line in four years!
quoted from the US Department report “The Emerging Digital Economy”
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Learner
Friends
Multimedia Resources
Other Learners
Instructor
Interactive Learning Model
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What are we asking of the teacher resource?
We need to be clear: in calling for teachers to "integrate technology into their classrooms" we are actually asking for the biggest change in educational practice in the last
200 years. Not surprising, then, that acting on that call is so difficult, so painful, so challenging. So be it! As teachers,
we are in the education business because we have a passion to help children learn, to help children develop into responsible, productive members of our democratic
community. We are, therefore by definition, up to the challenge!
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Paradigm shifts: Learning
EDUCATION TRAINING WORK RETIREMENT
The traditional lifestyle pattern
The new lifelong learning patternEDUCATION
TRAINING
WORK
LEISURE/RETIREMENT
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Lipstick on a bullfrog
Cosmetic change does not/ will not
work
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• The chalkboard replaced the slate;• the whiteboard replaced the
chalkboard;• the OHP replaced the whiteboard;• software (Microsoft PowerPoint
et al) replaced the OHP
The dilemma In education we are looking for
innovation without change
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21st century adults
20th century teachers
19th century classrooms
being taught by
in
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Crisis in education and trainingGlobal de-coupling of education and training systems from societyPace of social and cultural change
enormously increasedEducational systems have remained
what they were
The curre
nt syst
ems a
re sys
tems
designed
for a
socie
ty which
is no
longer the s
ociety
of today!
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Crisis in education and training
Educational stagnation reflected in:Types of content and subjects
With minor exceptionsMethods of Teaching & Learning
Direct contact, lectures, books, written & oral examinations
Physical & organisational conditionsBuildings, classrooms, administrative
structures
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Crisis in education and training
Changes in society reflected in:the familythe workplacethe economyleisure time and pursuitspolitics
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We need to re-engineer?
• The educational infrastructure
• The curriculum
• The teaching profession
Need to
put the l
earner
at the h
eart o
f educat
ion
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Primary Education Secondary EducationFurther Education
CommunityLearnDirect (UfI)
University Education
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Networked Learning Communities
Home
Office
Library
CommunityLeisure
School/College School/
College
Home
Office
Library
Leisure
Community
TODAY FUTURE
Connected
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The connected society• The connected student
• Guided access to resources • Individualised learning path• Enriched environment • Prepared for 21st century workforce
• The connected educator • Shares best practices • New tools for teaching • Immediate, ongoing assessment
• The connected parent • More involved with student’s learning • More informed of school activities • Increased communications with teachers
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Considerations
• changing the instructor role from lecturer to facilitator or leader
• guiding students through necessary information in a non-linear, hyper-linked environment
• building a sense of ‘classroom community’ and enhancing learning
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• being able to discover knowledge for oneself • long term retention of knowledge• being able to perceive relations between old and new
knowledge• being able to create new knowledge• being able to apply knowledge to solving problems• being able to communicate one's knowledge to others• wanting to know more
Nightingale and O’Neil, 1994
Indicators of high quality learning having taken place are:
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But……
• the learner is ready to meet the demands of the learning task(s)
• there is a reason for learning (acceptable reason, to the student)
• the learner is active during learning
• adequate support is provided by the environment in which that learning occurs
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ICT as a tool (bad news)
Clumsily handled, ICT can easily fall foul of basic principles. As “ICT in Schools” points out with regard to KS2:
“While pupils are becoming more competent at searching for information, they find it difficult to recognise what is important and then synthesise what they have found (p.8)”
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Skills for the Future?
• Focus on self-managed learning• Blurring of artistic/technical/scientific/personal• More languages• Cultural sensitivity• Media awareness• Science and Technology awareness/confidence• Team-working• Creativity/innovation• Learning/ Love to learn
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Skills for the Future?
• Reading,Writing and Arithmetic• Listening, Speaking, Thinking• Time and Project management• Communication skills• Design and Presentation• Problem identification, definition and solving• Personal knowledge
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A Learning Agenda
• determine the conditions under which computer-mediated-communication increases or decreases student staff communications, and what influence it has on the quality of the communications;
• establish preferences among different categories of students for on-campus, off-campus and mixed mode study; and
• identify which particular teaching contexts and domains of knowledge are suited to and enhanced by various applications of technology
Technology has the potential to contribute to new operational paradigms which will inevitably include new approaches to teaching and learning, but there is a need to:
M. Gosper, B. Hesketh, J Andrews and M Sabaz, 1996
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Summary….• A shift from faculty-centred to learner-centred institutions• Affordability• Lifelong learning• A seamless web• Asynchronous (anytime, anyplace) learning• Interactive and collaborative learning• Diversity• Widening access• Tackling exclusion• Tackling disabilitiesEducause, 1999
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Passion
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“Wisdom is not a product of schooling, but of the lifelong
attempt to acquire it”
Thank YouJohn O’Donoghue
j.odonoghue@wlv.ac.ukhttp://www.learninglab.org.uk