Who Am I?

transcript

Who Am I?

I am…# from 1-20 & beside each number list what you consider to be some of your own positive and negative personality qualities.

- meet with group and answer some questions

• Introduce yourself to other members of the group and tell them about your personality.

• After everyone has spoken…– Identify the four descriptive terms used most

frequently– Why does the group think these specific terms

were used to describe personality?– Identify any of the self-descriptive terms that do

not really qualify as personality characteristics. – What makes a personal quality part of your

personality?

Unit 10:Personality

Introduction

• Personality– An individual’s characteristic pattern of

thinking, feeling & acting.

– Enduring behavior patterns that make us unique

behavioral consistency

Field of Personality Psychologyconstruct tests to

determine unique

personality traits How are mind & body related?

Is personality

inherited or

learned?Do humans have

free will?

Is there a self?

Is the self

knowable?

Psychoanalytic Perspective

Exploring the Unconscious• Parts of the mind

– Conscious

– Preconscious

– Unconscious• a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes,

feelings, & memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware

• Free association– exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says

whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing

• Psychoanalysis

Psychoanalysis

• Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts

• the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Exploring the UnconsciousPersonality Structure

• Personality structure–Id

• Pleasure principle

–Ego• Reality principle

–Superego• conscience

Defense mechanism

Exploring the UnconsciousPersonality Development

• Psychosexual stages–Oral

–Anal

–Phallic

–Latency

–Genital

OrangeAardvarksPush LazyGoats

Exploring the UnconsciousPsychosexual Stages

Erogenous Zones

fixated: seeking others’ approval

control

Oedipus Complex

gender identity conflict resolution

Exploring the UnconsciousPersonality Development

• Erogenous zones

• Oedipus complex

• Electra complex

• Identification

• Fixation

Personality

Psychoanalytic /

PsychodynamicHumanistic

Trait Theory Social Cognitive

Exploring the UnconsciousDefense Mechanisms

• Defense mechanisms– Repression

• banishes anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

– Regression• retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage,

where some psychic energy remains fixated.– Reaction formation

• Reduces anxiety by taking up opposite feeling

– Projection• Putting our own unacceptable qualities onto

someone else (false consensus effect)

– Rationalization• Self-justifying explanations

– Displacement• Taking out our unacceptable feelings on less

threatening objects or persons

– Sublimation• Channeling unacceptable impulses into socially

acceptable forms

– Denial• Refuse to believe painful realities

Children who release unexpressed anger toward their parents by kicking the family pet illustrate the defense mechanism of

DisplacementMrs. Smith, who is White and unconsciously in favor of racial segregation, tells her friends that most Blacks prefer to live in residential neighborhoods inhabited predominantly by Blacks. According to psychoanalytic theory, Mrs. Smith best illustrates

ProjectionA religious leader who attempts to overcome his hidden doubts with intense expressions of spiritual certainty illustrates most clearly the defense mechanism of

Reaction Formation

After an argument with your girlfriend, you go to the gym and lift weights to burn off your pent-up energy. Your action best illustrates which defense mechanism?

SublimationAfter an argument with your little brother, you slam the door to your bedroom instead of hitting him. Your action best illustrates which defense mechanism?

Displacement

Defense Mechanisms1. E2. A3. C4. G5. F6. D7. E8. F9. B

29. C30. B31. D32. G33. B34. E35. A

Objective 3:The Neo-Freudian Theorists

• Neo-Freudians

collective unconscious – common set of ideas, feelings, images

• Archetypes

Adler– Striving for superiority (self improvement)

• Superiority Complex• Inferiority complex• Social Interest – innate potential to cooperate w/

society

Horney(“HORN-eye”)• Personality develops in terms of social

relationships

Assessing Unconscious Processes• Projective Test

– provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics

– Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)• people express their inner feelings and

interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

– Rorschach Inkblot Test• the most widely used projective test, a set of

10 inkblots• designed by Hermann Rorschach• seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by

analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Evaluating the Psychoanalytic Perspective

• Contradictory Evidence– lifelong, not fixed– overestimate parental influence– gender identity doesn’t happen at 5 or 6– dreams– Freudian slips

• Is repression a myth?• The modern unconscious mind

– Terror management theory• Freud’s ideas as scientific theory

defend ourselves against anxiety

testable?

The Humanistic Perspective

Abraham Maslow’s Self-Actualizing Person

• Abraham Maslow–motivated by hierarchy of needs

–Self-actualization

–Self-transcendence

–Peak experiences

Carl Roger’s Person-Centered Perspective

• Carl Rogers–Growth promoting climate

• Genuineness• Acceptance• Empathy

–Unconditional positive regard

–Self-concept

Assessing the Self

• Self-report tests

• Ideal versus actual self

Evaluating the Humanistic Perspective

• Renewed interest in self-concept

• Criticisms–Vague and subjective

–Individualistic and Western biased

–Naïve

The Trait Perspectiveunconscious

forces

growth opportunities

stable & enduring patterns

Traits• Trait

–Describing rather than explaining

–Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) (1987)

• sort people by Jung’s personality types

• scientific worth???

• rejected both a psychoanalytic approach to personality, which he thought often went too deep, and a behavioral approach, which he thought often did not go deep enough.

• He emphasized the uniqueness of each individual, and the importance of the present context, as opposed to past history, for understanding the personality.

Gordon

Allport18,000

Exploring Traits• Factor analysis

– statistical procedure that identifies clusters of correlated test items

– Catell 16 PF (range)

– Eysenck & Eysenck (EYE-zink)

• Extroversion vs. introversion

• Emotional stability vs instability

factors are genetically influenced….is there scientific support for

their claim?

How can we condense the list of traits?

Exploring TraitsBiology and Personality

• Brain scans–extraverts seek stimulation b/c their

normal brain arousal is relatively low

• Genetics–Autonomic nervous system reactivity

• reactive = respond to stress w/ greater anxiety & inhibition

• Dopamine levels

Assessing Personality in Trait Theory

• Psychoanalysis used projective tests• Humanistic compared actual to ideal self• Trait theory utilized personality inventories

• Minn. Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)– Assess abnormal traits– Empirically derived questions– True or False– Objective (computer scores) but this doesn’t ensure validity

(people can lie)

Assessing Traits• Personality inventory

– Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

• Empirically derived test

• Objective test

–doesn’t ensure validity…

• Lie scale–Handout 10-7 Personal Attitudes & Traits

1pt True = 1,2,4,7,8,13,16,17,18,20,21,24,25,26,27,29,31,33

1pt False =3,5,6,9,10,11,12,14,15,19,22,23,28,30,32

Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale.

Some respondents tend to give socially desirable rather than honest responses.

(#4, #11)

Mean: 13.2

Handout 10-8 Self-Monitoring Scale

• Assess the extent to which people observe and control their expressive behavior.

• Self-presentation / concern for social appropriateness.

• Stage Actors = 18.4 (higher)– guided by external factors

• Patients = 10.1 (lower)– less variable across situations– more stable relationships– inner directed

1pt True = #5-8,10,11,13,15,16,18,19,24,25

1pt False = #1-4, 9, 12,14, 17, 20-23

Handout 10-9Dating Survey

• exclusive daters = score lower on self-monitoring scale– tend to select partner when asked if they could

ideally form a close, intimate dating relationship w/ either current dating partner or friend

• multiple daters = tend to score higher on SM scale– tend to select friends as preferred dating partners

The Big Five Factors

• The Big Five–Conscientiousness

–Agreeableness

–Neuroticism• Emotional stability vs instability

–Openness

–ExtraversionHandout 10-10

20’s

30’s- 60s

• Questions on The Big Five–How stable are the traits?

–How heritable are the traits?

–Do the traits predict other personal attributes?

Handout 10-10

• Samuel Gosling’s Modified Big Five Test• Reverse #’s 2-4-6-8-101=72=63=54=45=36=27=1

C = (3 & 8)A = (2 & 7)N = (4 & 9)O = (5 & 10)E = (1 & 6)

Evaluating the Trait PerspectiveThe Person-Situation Controversy

• Person-situation controversy–Are traits

consistent?

–Can traits predict behavior?

The Social-Cognitive Perspective

“Unless people believe they can produce desired effects, and forestall undesired ones by their actions, they have little incentive to act, or to persevere in the face of difficulties”

--Albert Bandura

The Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Social-cognitive perspective–Social-behavioral approach

Personality dev. largely from differences in the way people construe their

worlds.

Reciprocal Influences• Reciprocal determinism

–interacting influence

Reciprocal Influences• Ways individuals and the environment

interact– Different people choose different

environments…and then it shapes you

– Our personalities shape how we interpret and react to events…anxious people

– Our personalities help create situations to which we react…how we treat people influences how they in turn treat us

Personal Control

• Personal control–Two ways to study personal control

• Correlate people’s feelings of control with their behaviors and achievements

• Experiment by raising and lowering people’s sense of control and noting the effectsInternal vs. external

locus of controlSelf control requires attention & energy

ROTTER

Personal ControlBenefits of Personal Control

• Learned helplessness

Nursing Home Studies

• Tyranny of choice

Personal ControlOptimism Versus Pessimism

• Optimism and Health

• Excessive Optimism

– realistic anxiety

• Blindness to one’s own incompetence– People most overconfident when incompetent– Invite others’ assessments

• Positive psychology– Optimal human functioning– Seligman

Assessing Behavior in Situations• US Army spy training

• Business use of simulations– assess behavior in real situations

Evaluating the Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Based on research (+)

• Focuses too much on the situation (-)

Handout 10-25

• DO NOT put name on paper• Answer questions• Turn in Paper = Shuffle• Add all the numbers and find the mean

Show of hands…how many have a scored paper of 5 or higher…

“Better-Than-Average

Phenomenon”

Handout 10-26

• Self-Serving Bias– We tend to present a good image and tend to be

modest if our own self-flattery could be debunked

– We assume more responsibility for our success than our failures…

• Makes sense…we intend to succeed; and we usually do

– Self-Handicapping is a no lose situation for self-esteem

Exploring the Self

• Self–Possible

selves

–Spotlight effect

The Benefits of Self-Esteem• Self-esteem

– Does feeling good simply follow doing well?

– Dangers of pushing artificially high?

– Low self-esteem does have and effect … tend to disparage others

Self-Serving Bias• Self-serving bias

–People accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, successes than failures

–Most people see themselves as better than average…except who?

Culture and the Self (p.516-518)

• Individualism

• Collectivism

Individualism versus Collectivism

The End

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Definition Slides

Personality

= an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.

Free Association

= in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Psychoanalysis

= Freud’s theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

Unconscious

= according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

= a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.

= the largely conscious, “executive” part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id’s desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Superego

= the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

Psychosexual Stages

= the childhood stages of development, (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Oedipus Complex

= according to Freud, a boy’s sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

Identification

= the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent’s values into their developing superegos.

Fixation

= according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual state, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Defense Mechanisms

= in psychoanalytic theory, the ego’s protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

Repression

= in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety- arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

Regression

= psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.

Reaction Formation

= psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulse into their opposites. Thus, people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings.

Projection

= psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

Rationalization

= psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one’s actions.

Displacement

= psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.

Sublimation

= psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people re-channel their unacceptable impulses into socially approved activities.

Denial

= psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people refuse to believe or even to perceive painful realities.

Collective Unconscious

= Carl Jung’s concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species’ history.

Projective Test

= a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one’s inner dynamics.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

= a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes.

Rorschach Inkblot Test

= the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people’s inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Terror-management Theory

= a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people’s emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death.

Self-actualization

= according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one’s potential.

Unconditional Positive Regard

= according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

Self-concept

= all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, “Who am I?”

= a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Personality Inventory

= a questionnaire (often true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

= the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Empirically Derived Test

= a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

Social-cognitive Perspective

= views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

Reciprocal Determinism

= the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

Personal Control

= the extent to which people perceive control over their environment rather than feeling helpless.

External Locus of Control

= the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate.

Internal Locus of Control

= the perception that you control your own fate.

Positive Psychology

= the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive.

= in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

Spotlight Effect

= overestimating other’s noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

Self-esteem

= one’s feelings of high or low self-worth.

Self-serving Bias

= a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

Individualism

= giving priority to one’s own goals to over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than than group identifications

Collectivism

= giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly.

Who Am I?

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