Post on 15-Jan-2016
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Who does researchin Developing Countries ?
AGED 4713Spring 2003
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Why is Agricultural research important?
Help to improve development economic growth poverty alleviation rural development
improve management of natural resources Ag research is central for boosting
productivity Better agriculture help to release labor for
industrial employment
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Who does Agricultural Research in Developing Countries
Federal Government: Ministry of Agriculture
Agricultural Universities Private Sector: Non-governmental Organizations All known as
National Agricultural Research System (NARS)
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What is NARS?
World Bank defined National
Agricultural Research Systems (NARS)
as any national organization or
institution which undertake agricultural
research in developing countries
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Responsibility of NARS:
To conduct strategic, applied and
adaptive research and on-farm trials
to verify the effectiveness of new
technology.
To provide interactive link among
extension services, the private
sector, educational institutions, and
government ministries.
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Relationship between IARC and NARS
IARC’s strengthening national agricultural
research in developing countries
Enhancing working relationships with
colleagues in national programs
Strengthening skills in research
administration and management, and
formal training programs for research staff.
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Advantages of NARS
Direct institutional /client linkages Close proximity to farmer’s problems Ability to collect field-level data
relatively inexpensively
On-site staff and facilities Effective conduit for communicating
development strategy and policies to policy makers
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Types of NARS
• Publicly supported (centralized)• Collaborative federal/state agricultural
research systems (decentralized )• Endowed research institutes• Agricultural Universities• Private sector research institutes• Non-governmental Organizations• Multinational, regional research
institutes
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Publicly supported (centralized)
Systems that are dependencies of , controlled by, and receive their financial support from the Ministry of Agriculture or other ministry in the federal government.
Examples: Brazil: Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria
(Embrapa) Kenya: Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) Pakistan: Pakistan Agricultural Research Council
(PARC)
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EMBRAPA: Brazilian Agricultural Research Institute
Embrapa's mission is to provide feasible solutions for the sustainable development of the Brazilian agribusiness by generating, adapting and transferring knowledge and technology that benefits the Brazilian Society.
http://www.embrapa.br/english/
Agricultural, Livestock , Rural Development, Fishing and Food
Secretariat
www.sagarpa.gob.mx
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Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems
(decentralized ) Systems that channel federal, state, private
sector, and producers (commodity
associations) funding to semi-autonomous
state level research and extension programs.
Programs are commodity linked with
disciplinary, cross commodity programs
Research/extension linkage: close, assembling
and adapting technology to producers’ needs.
Example: Mexico: INIFAP
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Institutions supported by SAGARPA
www.sagarpa.gob.mx
Semi-autonomous
Teaching
Research
Extension
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Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias
The National Institute of Forestry, Livestock and Agricultural Research
www.inifap.conacyt.mx
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• Collaborative federal/state agricultural research systems (decentralized )
• Funded by • Federal• State• Producers in every state have a foundation
(Fundacion Produce)
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Objectives
To develop and strengthen National Strategic Research
To promote applied research and technology transfer
To support research for sustainable natural resources management
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Researchers by Academic Degree 2002
Academic degree Number %
Bachelor 229 19
Master 696 59
Doctorate 260 22
Total 1185 * 100
*6.3% are in Graduate College
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Distribution of researchers by area 2002
Area Number %
Forestry 140 12
Crops 760 64
Livestock 285 24
Total 1185 100
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8 Regional Research Centers (CIR)81 Research Stations
6 National Centers
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Research Programs are commodity linked with disciplinary programs
108 Crops Avocado Beans Barley Cacao Corn Citrus Chile Coffee Cotton Mango Rice Soybean Wheat
Disciplinary areas Biotechnology Entomology Integrated resources
Management Plant genetics Irrigation systems Rain fed land
management Mechanization Biofertilization Corn Protein gene(opaco)
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Livestock Dairy Cattle Dual Purpose Sheep Goat Red deer Pig Poultry Honey Bee
Disciplinary programs Animal health
Epidemiology Parasitology Microbiology
Nutrition Reproduction Genetics Biothecnology
Research Programs are commodity
linked with disciplinary programs
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INIFAP Technology Transfer Program to
Livestock producers GGAVATT:
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Agricultural universities
Institutions of higher learning that
provide undergraduate and graduate
education and grant related degrees,
conduct research, and distribute
information to agricultural sector
clientele.
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Agricultural universities
Autonomous, some semi-autonomous Structure: Centralized Funding sources: Public-federal and
state Nature of programs: education; some
research and extension Limited research Limited extension linkages Linkage with international/multinational
programs
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Summary
Importance of Agricultural research What is a NARS ? Relationship between IARC and NARS Types of NARS Examples of NARSImportance of IARC’sTypes of Agricultural research
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International Ag. Research Centers
The IARC's research agenda focuses on both strategic and applied research.
This includes:Problems affecting agricultural productivity
and links these problems to broader concerns
Poverty reduction,
Sustainable management of natural resources,
Protection of biodiversity
Rural development.
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Types of Agricultural Research
Basic Strategic Applied Adaptive/on farm level
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Types of Agricultural Research
Basic Research: is undertaken to develop knowledge for its own sake. Without no predetermined use in short term.
Example: Gene research
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Types of Agricultural Research
Strategic Research: is aimed at solving those problems which affect several regions of the world or a country. Try to response why ? And how? Example:
Biotechnology Identifying new varieties
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Types of Agricultural Research
Applied Research: is aimed to answer current problems in a particular state, region or county.
Example: Response to fertilization Tillage Practices
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Types of Agricultural Research
Adaptive/Farm Level Research: involves the identification, through experimentation on farms, of the specific combination of crop and animal production practices that will provide maximum productivity on those farm
• Example: Field demonstration, comparison between new practice and the farmer practice