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William H. Farland, Ph.D.Acting Deputy Assistant Administrator for Science
Office of Research and DevelopmentU.S. Environmental Protection Agency
6/28/04
U.S. EPA’s Dioxin Reassessment:
The Current State Of Scientific Understanding
Total TEQ = Ccongener X TEFcongener
The Concept of Toxicity Equivalence (TEQ)...
CDDs/CDFs/PCBs
=
Toxicity Equivalence of
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin
O
O
Four of 17 Toxic CDD/CDF Congeners and One of the 11 Toxic PCBs Account for Most of the Toxicity in Human Tissue Concentrations
These five compounds make up about 80% of the total TEQ in human tissue
2,3,7,8-TCDD 1,2,3,7,8-PCDD 1,2,3,6,7,8-HxCDD 2,3,4,7,8-PCDF PCB 126
Sources*: Combustion Metal Smelting, Refining, Processing Chemical manufacturing Biological and Photochemical Processes Reservoir sources Others?
Pathways: Ingestion of soil, meats, dairy products, fish Inhalation of vapors and particulates Dermal contact with soils
* For more details, see EPA Inventory
Sources and Pathways to Human Exposures
Key Findings of the ReassessmentExposure Document
Environmental levels have declined since the ‘70s Current US regulatory efforts have addressed most of the
known large industrial sources (~80% reduction between ’87 and ’95; further reductions anticipated)
Open burning of household wastes is the biggest unaddressed contemporary source identified so far.
There remain many uncharacterized sources that could be significant (ag. burning, ceramics, forest fires, secondary steel, reservoir sources)
Exposure to general population has declined but currently averages ~1pg/kg/day
Adult Average Daily Intake of CDDs/CDFs/dioxin-like PCBs
2000 Draft Estimate: ~ 65 pg TEQDFP-WHO98/day
21%16%
19%
14%
5%
4%
7%
6%
1%
Soil ingestionSoil dermal contact
Freshwater fish andshellfish
Marine fish and shellfish
Inhalation
Milk
Dairy
Eggs
Beef
Pork
Poultry
Other meats Vegetable fat
Key Findings of the Reassessment Exposure Document (continued)
General Population Exposure is from animal fats in the commercial food supply
-- Local sources make little contribution to most peoples’ exposure-- Environmental levels in meat & dairy production areas major
contributor Air deposition onto plants consumed by domestic meat and dairy animals
is the principal route for contamination of commercial food supply Reservoir sources are a significant component of current exposure and
may dominate future exposure-- accounts for most coplanar PCB exposure-- unknown contribution for D/Fs
Special populations may be more exposed but prevalence is not well substantiated
Dioxin Exposure VariabilityDioxin intakes for general population may reach levels at least 3 times the mean
Support: 99th percentile total animal fat consumption is 3
times the mean
99th percentile blood level is 3 times the mean
Potentially highly exposed populations may exceed this range: Nursing infants Subsistence fishers/farmers in contaminated areas Occupational groups (historical)
Environmental levels: Peaked in late 60s/early 70s; declined since
based on sediment data Decline also supported by Emissions Inventory which shows significant decrease from 1987 to 1995 (~80%)
Human tissue data suggest current levels are about half of 1980 levels (55 to 25 pg TEQDFP/g lipid) Steady state PK modeling of current intake levels project tissue levels of about 11 pg TEQDFP/g lipid.
Dioxin Exposure Trends
Multiple effects in multiple tissues of both sexes of multiple species throughout the vertebrate kingdom
Effects of Dioxins
Molecular Changes
Altered Metabolism
Altered Proliferation/ Differentiation
Altered Homeostasis
Biochemical Alterations
Cellular Effects
Tissue/Organ Effects
Overt Toxicity (Wasting/Death)
Key Findings of the Reassessment Health Document
Toxic equivalents (TEQ) provide the best means for evaluating mixtures
-- Use WHO98 TEFs-- Include coplanar PCBs
Body burden is the best dose metric for estimating risk Environmental mixtures of dioxin-like compounds are likely to be
carcinogenic to humans and 2,3,7,8-TCDD is carcinogenic to humans. Dioxins produce a variety of noncancer effects in animals & humans
-- Developmental Toxicity-- Immunotoxicity-- Endocrine Effects-- Chloracne-- Others
Dioxin-like Compounds and Human Carcinogenicity
Complex Environmental Likely to be Mixtures carcinogenic
2,3,7,8-TCDD Carcinogenic to humans
Other dioxin-like Likely to be compounds carcinogenic
Note: In February 1997, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified TCDD as a Category 1, “Known” human carcinogen. In 1999, the U.S. DHHS 9th Report on Carcinogens (ROC) proposed the same, and finalized this listing in 2001 (9th ROC, as revised).
Cancer potency increasingly focusing on human studies
Based on: Unequivocal animal carcinogen Limited human information (epidemiological/other) Mechanistic plausibility
ED01/LED01
(95% lowerbound) ng/kg
Slope factor1, All cancer
risk/pg/kg/day
Summary of All Site Cancer ED01s and Slope Factor Calculations from
Published Studies
STUDY
Hamburg cohort,Becher et al. 1998
NIOSH cohort,Steenland et al. 20012
BASF cohort,Ott and Zober, 1996
Sprague-Dawley rats,Kociba et al. 1978;Goodman and Sutter, 1992 (pathology)
6.0 – 32.2 0.9 – 5.1 x 10-3
38 (27.5) 0.80 x10-3(1.1 x 10-3)BMD dose
31.9 (22) 3 0.97 x10-3(1.4 x 10-3)BMD dose
18.6 (11.5) 1.5 x10-3 (2.5 x10-3)
50.9 (25.0) 0.57 x10-3 (1.2 x 10-3)
Upper bound estimates in parenthesesSee Footnotes – next slide
1. Assumes 25% of body weight is lipid; 80% of dioxin dose is absorbed from the normal diet in humans; the TCDD half-life is 7.1 years in humans. Background all cancer mortality rate calculated through lifetable analysis to 75 years. Summary results are for male all cancer risk, because the male lifetime (to 75 years) all cancer risk is greater than for females, leading to correspondingly higher cancer slope factors. As detailed in Chapter 8, RelRisk(ED01) = 0.99 + 0.01/Risk(0 dose). Based on the manner in which the dose-response data were calculated using Cox Regression rate ratio analyses, risks are given as cancer slope factors for 1 pg/kg/day above background, assumed 5 ppt TCDD in lipid.
2. Steenland et al. (2001) power model results are not included as this formula predicts unreasonably high attributable risks at background dioxin levels in the community due to the steep slope of the power curve formula at very low levels.
3. Modeled using U.S. EPA benchmark dose software, version 1.2, with either dose or adipose concentration as the metric. 50% absorption assumed from food pellets in animals. BMD = 0.00176849 ug/kg/day. BMDL = 0.00122517 ug/kg/day. Therefore, rat LED01 = 1.2251 x 25 x 0.5/ln2 = 22 ng/kg; human equivalent LED01 = 22 x ln2 x 1000/2593/0.8 = 7.38 pg/kg/day; slope factor = 0.01/7.38 = 1.4 E-3 risk/pg/kg/day
Cancer Dose Response - Foot Notes
Non-cancer Dose/Response Modeling
• Use body burden (Ng/Kg BW) as dose metric Accounts for differences in half-life
• Shape of dose/response curve Most toxic responses are non-linear Most biochemical response and 40% of
complex responses are linear
• Derive ED01/ED10 within/close to experimental data
Adverse Effects Developmental neurotoxicity: 22 Developmental/reproductive toxicity: 0.7 - 42 Developmental immunotoxicity: 50 Adult immunotoxicity: 1.6 - 12 Endometriosis: 22 Cancer 3.3 - 80
Biochemical Effects CYP1A1 Induction: 0.6 - 33 CYP1A2 Induction: 2.1 - 83
Functional Effects Oxidative stress: 10
Body Burdens (Ng/Kg) Associated With Effects
*MOE = effect level / current average U.S. background body burdens of 5 Ng/Kg
MOE*I 4I 0.1 - 8I 10I 0.3 - 2I 4I 0.6 - 16II 0.1 - 7I 0.4 - 17II 2
US/International Comparisons
BODY BURDEN
(LOAEL/
NOAEL)
EFFECT SAFETY/
UNCERT.
FACTOR
GUIDANCE DAILY INTAKE
(pg/kg/day)
WHO
1997
10-40
ng/kgSeveral 10 TDI 1-4
ATSDR1999
32 * ng/kg
Neuro. Dev.
90 MRL 1
JECFA
2001
13/25
ng/kgDevel. 3.2/9.6 TMI 2.3**
* Body burden from original publication; ATSDR used intake of 0.12 ng/kg/day** Based on TMI = 70 pg/kg
Similarities/Differences with EPA
• Focus on lowest adverse effects• Use body burden as dose metric (except ATSDR)• Suggest additional decrease in intake necessary
• Assume cancer will be insignificant at guidance level• Choose safety/uncertainty factor (3.2-90) to account for
NOAEL/LOAEL, PD, human variability• Choose safety assessment vs. MOE/QRA
Differences
Similarities
Key Findings of the Reassessment
Risk Characterization Cancer slope factor is based primarily on recently published analyses
of human studies and is revised upward by a factor of ~6 over the 1985 EPA value based on 1978 study in rats.
Cancer risks to the general population may exceed 10-3 (1 in 1,000) from background (dietary) exposure but are likely to be less and may even be zero for some individuals
Adverse non-cancer effects have been observed in animal and humans within 10 times background exposure. It is likely that part of the general population is at, or near, exposure levels where adverse effects can be anticipated
Summary
Dioxin science has evolved rapidly; more data lead to better understanding, but more questions.
Expanded human data on cancer reinforces our previous concern for the potential for human health impacts. Identification of non-cancer effects in animals and human are sufficient to generate a similar level of concern to cancer
Environmental levels and human exposure are declining but are still at a level of concern
Current source characterization is complex with uncontrolled burning and reservoir sources potentially playing a significant role.
SAB ReportThe SAB Report (May 31, 2001):
Commends the Agency on providing a careful and thorough review of the dioxin literature Suggests improvements in the following areas:
More focus on non-cancer effectsIncreased emphasis on Mode of ActionMore clarification of uncertainty
Discusses lack of SAB panel consensus on several key dioxin science issues
Cancer Characterization – Carcinogen vs. Likely Carcinogen?Margin of Exposure (MOE) and/or Reference Dose (RfD)?Upper Bound Estimate of Cancer Risk?
Recommends that the Agency expeditiously move forward with finalization of EPA’s Dioxin Reassessment
(On the Internet at www.epa.gov/science1/fiscal01.htm)
Major Issues Identified in SAB/Public Comments Addressed
Sparse data to derive national means for sources/pathways
Lack of information on dioxin-like PCBs in exposure document
State of validation of exposure models Trends in environmental/body burden levels TEFs/TEQs Impact of human data on hazard and
risk characterization Significance of enzyme induction and other
biochemical effects Relative roles of data, scientific inference, and science policy
GAO ReportIn May 2001, U.S. Senators John Breaux and Thad
Cochran requested that the Congress’s General Accounting Office (GAO) conduct a study on the draft dioxin reassessment that focuses on:
• EPA’s discussion and characterization of dietary exposure risks;
• Comparisons between the World Health Organization’s and EPA’s approaches to dioxin exposure and estimates of dietary levels; and
• Responsiveness to external peer review and other comments in the draft reassessment.
GAO Report (cont.)Major findings in the report:
• Positive comments regarding development process, quality, and inclusiveness of the Agency’s draft reassessment
• EPA's work “largely reflects the recommendations and suggestions provided to the agency by the two most recent independent peer review panels.”
• GAO commented that the data on dioxin levels in food supporting EPA’s October 2000 draft reassessment were a significant improvement over the 1994 draft although citing some aspects and limitations of EPA’s dietary exposure discussion. GAO raised the issue of the currency of the dietary survey data referenced in the Agency’s reassessment.
GAO Report (cont.)Major findings in the report (cont.):
• Commented that the TEF approach is the internationally accepted scientific method for risk assessments of dioxins
• Commented that EPA and the scientific community conclude that dioxins can cause a variety of cancer and noncancer health effects; that they act in the same way in animals and humans; and that some effects could occur at or near the levels to which the general population is now being exposed
• GAO noted that EPA and WHO used different approaches to estimating human safety/risk.
Science Advisory Board (SAB) review; May 1995
Report received from the SAB; Fall 1995
Major SAB comments -- revision and re-review of Chapter 8: Dose-Response Modeling and Risk Characterization; add TEF Chapter
Internal and Inter-Agency Review of TEF Chapter and revised Integrated Summary and Risk Characterization
SAB re-review of revised D/R and TEF Chapter and Integrated Summary and Risk Characterization -- November 1 and 2, 2000
SAB/Executive Committee review of Nov. meeting draft report and letter to Administrator -- May 31, 2001
Internal and Inter-Agency Review of D/R and TEF Chapter and revised Integrated Summary and Risk Characterization -- Oct. 2003
National Academy of Sciences Review of Selected Issues – 2004-2005
Status and Next Steps
NAS REVIEW
The National Academies’ Research Council will review EPA’s 2004 draft to assess whether EPA’s risk estimates are scientifically robust and whether there is a clear delineation of all substantial uncertainties and variability.
Focus on: cancer characterization modeling assumptions, including use of TEFs; dose ranges and associated likelihood estimates for identified human
health outcomes; selection of studies as the basis of the assessment; quantitative approaches to uncertainty analysis.