Wind, Hydro, and Geothermal in North Carolina · ASU – 100 kW Xe (Blackwater) – 50 kW. Wind...

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Wind, Hydro, and Geothermal in North Carolina

Paul QuinlanNorth Carolina Sustainable Energy Association

Energy Policy CouncilLow Carbon Energy Supply Subcommitteegy pp y

January 25, 2010Raleigh, NC

Wind Turbines

Turbine height is important.Higher wind speeds, steadier winds, & less obstructions

Wind Turbines

COMMUNITY WIND SMALL WIND Beech Mtn.1.8 kW

O t B k B iOuter Banks BrewingStation - 10 kw

ASU – 100 kW Xe (Blackwater) – 50 kW

Wind Turbines

GE UTILITY-SCALE TURBINES1.5 MW 2.5 MW 3.6 MW

Application Onshore Onshore Offshore

Tower 65 or 80 m 75, 85, or 100 m Site Dependent

Rotor Diameter 77 m 100 m 111 m

Max Turbine Height118 m (388 ft)

150 m (492 ft)

Site Dependent

Swept Area 4 657 m2 7 854 m2 9 677 m2Swept Area 4,657 m2 7,854 m2 9,677 m2

Cut-In Wind Speed 3.5 m/s 3.0 m/s 3.5 m/s

C t O t Wi d S d 25 / 25 / 27 /Cut-Out Wind Speed 25 m/s 25 m/s 27 m/s

Source: General Electric. January 2010. Data available at http://www.gepower.com/prod_serv/products/wind_turbines/en/index.htm

Market & Economics

Installed Wind Project Costs Over Time

NOTE: In general, project costs reflect turbine purchase and installation, balance of plant, and any substation and/or Interconnection expenes. Source: Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, 2008 Wind Technologies Market Report. July 2009. Available at http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/pdfs/46026.pdf

Market & EconomicsU.S. Total Installed Wind Energy Nameplate Capacity

and Wind Power Sales Price

NOTE: Prices reflect cumulative capacity-weighted average wind power prices and include state and federal incentives in the price. Source: US DOE, 2008 Renewable Energy Data Book

Market & Economics

Installed Wind Capacity: 1999-2009

North Carolina - Onshore

Eastern NC Potential Onshore Development:500 MW (La Capra 2006)500 MW (La Capra, 2006)

North Carolina - OnshoreWestern NC Potential Development:

1 000 MW (La Capra 2006)1,000 MW (La Capra, 2006)

Western NC Potential Development: 34 sites; 73 miles of ridge; projects 11 to 47 MW in size (ASU)

The Regulatory Spectrum

FEDERAL REGULATIONS

State LocalState/Local

STATE & LOCAL REGULATIONS

State Involvement

Local Involvement

State/LocalInvolvement

Minnesota North Carolina Texas

North Carolina - OnshoreLocal Wind Energy Permitting

NC Wi d W ki GNC Wind Working Group:2008 – Model Wind Ordinance

Local Ordinances:Local Ordinances:2006 – Watauga County2007 – Ashe County2007 Camden County2007 – Camden County2007 – Kill Devil Hills2008 – Currituck County2008 – Carteret Countyy2008 – Hyde County2009 – Tyrrell County2009 – Town of Nags Head

Model & local ordinances can be found in the Database for StateIncentives for Renewables and Efficiency at www.dsireusa.org

North Carolina - OnshoreBackground on Senate Bill 1068:

• Environmental Management Commission (EMC) identified potential regulatory gaps in environmental permitting of wind energy

• Solicited input from Wind Technical Advisory Group (TAG) and drafted bill language

• Wind permitting bill introduced in March 2009• Senate amended and passed S1068 in

August 2009

North Carolina - OnshoreS1068 – Two Major Components

1. Requires DENR to establish a permitting process for utility-scale wind power

– Applies to facilities ≥ 3 MW in capacity• Original bill language considered facilities ≥ 2 MW

Evaluate ‘significant adverse impacts’ on– Evaluate significant adverse impacts on ecological systems, natural resources, cultural sites, recreation areas, etc.

– ‘Cumulative impact’ with existing facilities or proposed facilities and ‘financial qualifications’ of applicant also taken into considerationapplicant also taken into consideration

Source: Senate Bill 1068. www.ncleg.net

North Carolina - OnshoreS1068 – Two Major Components

2. Addresses ambiguity in Mountain Ridge Protection Act of 1983 (“Ridge Law”)Ridge Law:Ridge Law:

• Prohibits development over 40 feet in height on protected ridges; provides exemption for undefined ‘windmills’windmills

S1068:• Allows ‘windmills’ if (1) turbine is associated with a

residence (2) the primary use of the electricity is withinresidence, (2) the primary use of the electricity is within residence; and (3) the hub height is no more than 100 ft

• Original bill language allowed small turbines on protected ridges (<100 kw) and larger developments to p g ( ) g pthe extent allowed by local ordinances

Source: Senate Bill 1068. www.ncleg.net

Current Challenges:

• Statewide permitting regime• Political support• Political support • Transparency in the NC REPS• Transmission

North Carolina:Inshore & OffshoreInshore & Offshore

• UNC-CH Coastal Wind Feasibility Study – Explored potential to install inshore (sound)

and offshore (ocean) wind turbines– Released June 2009

• Key Findings:– Most state waters excluded with exception p

of eastern Pamlico Sound– Large offshore areas potentially well-suitedg p y

Source: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Coastal Wind: Energy for North Carolina’s Future. Prepared for the NorthCarolina General Assembly. June 2009. Available at http://www.climate.unc.edu/coastal-wind/

North Carolina: Inshore & OffshoreInshore & Offshore

Inshore PotentialInshore Potential• 125 square miles identified• Levelized Cost of Generation =Levelized Cost of Generation

$106/MWh• 25 square miles with capacity

f t 35 40%factor 35–40%– 128 x 3.6MW = 497 MW

Average output 186 MW– Average output 186 MW• October 2009 - Duke/UNC sign

contract for pilot project in sound

North Carolina: Inshore & OffshoreInshore & Offshore

Offshore PotentialOffshore Potential• 2,860 square miles identified• Levelized Cost of Generation =

$101/MWh$101/MWh• 909 square miles with capacity

factor >40%– 4,949 x 3.6MW = 17.8 GW– Average output 7,572 MW

• Development of wind farms inDevelopment of wind farms in 15% of identified offshore region could supply 20% of state’s power needspower needs

Current Challenges:Current Challenges:

• Cost & infrastructure• Cost & infrastructure • Transmission & integration

– New report: Eastern Wind Integration andNew report: Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study at www.nrel.gov/ewits

• Transparency in the NC REPS• State leasing policy & MMS Task Force

– In progress: Coastal Resource Commission sending energy policy revisions to public hearingsending energy policy revisions to public hearing

Onshore & OffshoreDOE: 20% Wind by 2030

Wind CapacityTotal Installed (2030)

(GW)0.0 - 0.1

0.1 - 1Includes offshore wind.

The black open square in the center of a state representsthe land area needed for a single wind farm to produce theprojected installed capacity in that state. The brown squarerepresents the actual land area that would be dedicatedto the wind turbines (2% of the black open square).

5 - 10

Source: US Department of Energy, 20% Wind Power by 2030 Report. July 2008. Available at http://www.20percentwind.org/

C ti l H d Micro Hydro:Conventional Hydro:• 1,650 MW of capacity

Micro-Hydro:

Micro-Hydro:• 40-45 MW of existing capacity

• 35-40 MW potential new capacity35 40 MW potential new capacity in 12-15 existing impoundments

• NC Hydro Group works through an

Source: NC Solar Center

aggregate broker to contract RECswith Progress and Duke

• Utilities may add incremental units up• Utilities may add incremental units up to 10 MW and qualify under the REPS

Sources: Cardinal Energy, 2010 & La Capra Associates, 2006

Geothermal

• NC lacks geothermal resources for utility-scale generation • Heat pumps viable in residential and commercial settings

- Cost $2,500 per ton of capacity- Typical annual energy savings range from 30% to 60%

Vertical WellHorizontal Trench

Sources: Cost Figure – US Department of Energy, Diagrams - NC Solar Center

Questions?

Wind, Hydro, and Geothermal in North Carolina · ASU – 100 kW Xe (Blackwater) – 50 kW. Wind...

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