Post on 31-Dec-2015
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Level II Agricultural Business Operations
Cattle Energy requirements
Silage◦ Assessing silage quality◦ Assessing the quantity of silage available
Concentrates◦ Types of concentrate feedstuffs◦ Assessing ration quality
Animals need a balanced diet containing the correct amounts of:
Energy: for movement and growth
Protein: for muscles, milk production, and embryo development
Minerals: for bones and to maintain the animal’s system
Water
Food
Dry matter
Carbohydrate
Protein
FatsMineral and vitamins
All foods contain Water ---- the remaining part is called Dry Matter
Fibre
Cattle require energy for:
MaintenanceProduction
- Growth- Milk
Energy (ME) is measured in megajoules (MJ)
REQUIREMENT = MAINTENANCE + PRODUCTION
LWT 200 300 400 500 600
MaintenanceReq. (MJ).
27 36 46 54 62
Maintenance
The amount of energy an animal needs for maintenance depends on their size
A 400 kg store heifer requires 46MJ/day to maintain herself
Liveweight Gain
It takes 32MJ to produce 1kg of live-weight gain
Milk Production
It takes 5MJ to produce 1litre of milk
A 400 kg store heifer growing at 0.5kg per day
◦ Maintenance requirement = 46MJ
◦ Growth: 32MJ per 1Kg x 0.5 = 16MJ _____
Total Daily Requirement = 62MJ
All feed decisions revolve around meeting this target
Silage forms the bulk of the livestock diet for six months of the year through the winter months.
Silage is conserved grass that is made by farmers when the grass supply is plentiful.
Silage is made by preserving the grass under naturally produced acidic conditions which effectively pickle the crop.
Silage is quite moist and usually preferred by livestock to hay as it is more palatable and of higher food value.
Target best silage to most productive stock –
Finishing cattle Lactating cows Young growing cattle Dry cows
To assess feed value, predicted animal performance and the need for supplementation.
To identify early the stability of the silage and possible impacts on waste and animal health.
• Wait until six weeks after harvest.
•Take several cores across the clamp.
• Squeeze air out before sealing tightly.
• Send to lab early in the week.
• Provide as much information as possible e.g. 1st or 2nd cut
ME
Value Indicates Highquality silage
Good quality silage
Average quality silage
Poor quality
silage
Metabolisable energy (ME)
(MJ/kg DM)
Measure of the energy content of
the silage.
>12 11.5-11.8 11.5 -10.5 <10.5
Crude protein (CP) (%)
Measure of the silage crude protein
content
>13 11-13 10 – 11 <10
Dry matter (DM) (%)
Measure of the quantity of material
left after drying
> 30 25 – 30 20 – 25 <20
Dry matter %
Crude protein %
ME
Value Indicates Highquality silage
Good quality silage
Average quali
ty silage
Poor quality
silage
Metabolisable energy (ME)
(MJ/kg DM)
Measure of the energy content of
the silage.
>12 11.5-11.8 11.5 -10.5
<10.5
Crude protein (CP) (%)
Measure of the silage crude
protein content
>13 11-13 10 – 11 <10
Dry matter (DM) (%)
Measure of the quantity of
material left after drying
> 30 25 – 30 20 – 25 <20
Dry matter %
Crude protein %
ME
Value Indicates Highquality silage
Good quality silage
Average quality silage
Poor quality
silage
Metabolisable energy (ME)
(MJ/kg DM)
Measure of the energy content of the silage.
>12 11.5-11.8 11.5 -10.5 <10.5
Crude protein (CP) (%)
Measure of the silage crude protein
content
>13 11-13 10 – 11 <10
Dry matter (DM) (%)
Measure of the quantity of
material left after drying
> 30 25 – 30 20 – 25 <20
Dry matter %
Crude protein %
ME
pH is a measure of the acidity of the silage;
it gives an indication of the fermentation quality and hence the ability of the silage to store. Ideally, silages will have a pH 3.8 – 4.2.
Dry matter %
Crude protein %
ME
Measuring Quantity
Silo/Pit: Length (m) x Width (m) x Height
(m)
=
Volume (m3)
X
Dry Matter Conversion factor
=
Tonnes of silage
30m 5m
Width of pit = 10m Assume silage is 30% Dry matter
3m
Example Calculation silage in pit 4 ?
Section A:30 x 3 x 10 = 900m3
Plus
Section B:5 x 3 x 10 = 150m3 X 0.5 = 75 m3
Total = 900 + 75 = 975m3
30m 5m
3m
10m wide
AB
Conversion FactorsSilage Dry Matter Conversion factor
Tonnes of Silage = Silage Pit Volume x Dry Matter Conversion Factor
975 x 0.6 = 585 Tonnes of Silage
Fodder Balance Worksheet
Silage stocks (t)
Pit 1 475
Pit 2 460
Pit 3 430
Pit 4 535
Round bales 13
Total 1913
Total Silage StocksFarm Example:
Silage RequirementsType of stock No
Requirement per month (t)
MonthsSilage
requirement
Autumn calver 10 1.2 6.5 78
Spring calver 70 1.0 6.5 455
350+ kg 65 1.0 6.5 423
250 – 350 kg 70 0.8 6.5 364
200 – 250 kg 30 0.7 6 126
calves 25 0.3 6 45
Total silage required 1491tonne
• Ration ingredients• Relative Feed Value• Understanding feed labels
Meal
14 % Moisture (Water)
86 % Dry Matter – minimum ME 12.5 MJ/kgDM
Silage
75 % Moisture (Water)
25 % Dry Matter
Meal is up to 4 x more concentrated energy than
silage
Straights
Blends
Pellets
Coarse Feeds
Blends, Pellets and Coarse feeds are a combination of straights, designed for a specific feed task
Straights are individual feed ingredients. Can be classified as either:
◦ Energy sources◦ Protein Sources◦ Fibre Sources
The combination of straights fed depends on:- Target animal performance- Cost (Relative Feed Value)- The quality of forage material available
Protein Energy Fibre
Soya bean meal Barley Oats
Rapeseed meal Wheat Beet pulp
Peas & Beans Maize gluten Citrus pulp
Linseed Maize (yellow meal)
Soya hulls
Maize distillers Vegetable/fish oil Straw
FeedFeed Protein%Protein% MEME Relative value (£)Relative value (£)Dried barleyDried barley 9.59.5 13.213.2 140140WheatWheat 1111 13.613.6 141141MaizeMaize 88 13.813.8 143-161 143-161 Soya hullsSoya hulls 1010 11.911.9 126 126 Citrus pulpCitrus pulp 66 12.612.6 121 121 Sugar beet pulpSugar beet pulp 99 12.512.5 131131 Soyabean mealSoyabean meal 4646 13.813.8 292292Rapeseed meal Rapeseed meal 3636 12.012.0 220 220 Maize distillersMaize distillers 2626 14.014.0 216 216 Maize glutenMaize gluten 1818 12.912.9 171 171
A mix of different straights blended together at the feed mill
Cheapest form of buying meal apart from buying in the straights and mixing yourself
Possible to buy a specified ration Potential to be dusty with poorer palatability
Blends
Extra cost for pelleting Reduces dust significantly Prevents cattle picking out individual
ingredients. Flows well in hoppers and meal bins.
Most expensive way to make up a ration Used as away to improve intakes. Most coarse feeds are based on around 20-
30% flaked maize- can separate out in creep feeders
Often contains ingredients that are cooked or steamed to improve digestibility and palatability
Must declare
◦ Crude Protein,
◦ Oil,
◦ Ash,
◦ Crude fibre
Ingredients are listed in descending order.
No legal requirement to declare ME
Two 17% CP Store cattle blends - which is best?:
Ration 1
Maize Meal, Wheatfeed, Palm Kernel, Oatfeed, Rapeseed Meal, Sunflower Ext, Soyabean Meal
Ration 2
Maize Meal, Distillers, Barley, Rapeseed Meal, Soya Hulls
Ration 1: ME 11.4
Ration 2: ME 13.4
Ration Quality
Grass, silage, straw, and meal all contain minerals
Only required in small amounts Deficiency can cause nutrition disorders High producing animals most at risk Oversupply can cause toxicity
Lick Buckets/Feed blocks Direct inclusion in feed rations Boluses Molasses Licks Pasture Dusting In-Line Water Dispensers
Assess silage◦ Quality◦ Quantity
Know your animals requirements Select a suitable concentrate
◦ Suitable quality ingredients◦ Value for money