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7/21/2019 Wireless Communication Introduction
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Wireless Communications
Introduction to Wireless
Communications
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Suggested Reading
1. T.S. Rappaport, Wireless Communications,
2ndEdition, Pearson Education. 2002.
2. W.C.Y. Lee, Mobile Cellular
Telecommunications, 2ndEdition, Mcra!"ill, 1##$.
%. &amilo 'e(er, Wireless )i*ital
Communications+ Modulation and SpreadSpectrum pplications, Prentice "all, 2002.
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Wireless Communications
Module 1
Introduction
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Outline of Module 1
W(at is Wireless Communications- "istor o/ Wireless Communications
T(e adanta*es
T(e c(allen*es
T(e tpes
T(e ndian /actor
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What is Wireless Communication?
Transmittin*3receiin* oice and data
usin* electroma*netic !aes in open
space
4 T(e in/ormation /rom sender to receier is carrieroer a well-defined/re5uenc band 6channel7
4 Eac( c(annel (as a fixed/re5uenc bandwidthand
Capacity6bit8rate7
4 )i//erent c(annels can be used to transmit
in/ormation inparalleland independentl.
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Example
ssume a spectrum o/ 120 &"9isallocated oer a base /re5uenc /orcommunication bet!een stations and :
Eac( c(annel occupies ;0 &"9
Channel 1 (b b!"#$
Channel % (b!"# b!$
Channel ' (b! b!1%#$
Station Station )
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*+pes of Wireless
Communication Mobile
4 Cellular P(ones 6SM 3 C)M 2000.1
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*+pical -re.uencies
'M Radio A == M"9
TB :roadcast A 200 M"9
SM P(ones A #00 M"9 PS A 1.2 "9
PCS P(ones A 1.= "9
:luetoot( A 2.; "9 Wi'i A 2.; "9
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*he Electromagnetic
Spectrum
Propagation characteristics are different in each frequency band
>B
1 MHz1 kHz 1 GHz 1 THz 1 PHz 1 EHz
in/rared isible
rasamma ras
,Mradio
S3W
radio'M
radio
TB TB cellular
LF HF VHF UHF SHF EHFMF
30kHz 300kHz 3MHz 30MHz 300MHz 30GHz 300GHz
10km 1km 100m 10m 1m 10cm 1cm100mm
3GHz
EHF - Extreme High Frequency
SHF - Super High Frequency
UHF - Ultra High Frequency
HF - ery High FrequencyHF - High Frequency
!F - !e"ium Frequency
#F - #$% Frequency
#F - ery #$% Frequency
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James Clerk Maxwell(&83&)&879*
Sc$tti+h, r$.e++$r $. phy+ic+, /ing0+ 1$llege (#$n"$n* an"1amri"ge Unier+ityFormulated the theory of
electromagnetismfrom 1865 to 1873.
'
B
t
D
t
E
H J
D
B
=
= +
=
=
From a ery long ie! of the history of man"ind # seen from$ say$ ten thousand years from no! # there
can %e little dou%t that the most significant eent of the 1&th century !ill %e 'udged as (a)!ell*s
discoery of the la!s of electrodynamics. +he ,merican -iil ar !ill fade into /roincial
insignificance in com/arison !ith this im/ortant scientific eent of the same decade.
ichar" Feynman, #ecture+ $n hy+ic+, $l
His work established the theoretical foundation for the
development of wireless communications.
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Timeline of Wireless Communications Development . . .
Martin Cooper,
Motorola, deelops
/irst (and(eld cellular
p(one in 1#D%
200% 8 >S
cellular
subscribers
e
&arlsru(e
1==01=?0
Pro/. . Ma
61=%181=D#7 t(eor
o/
electroma*netism
deeloped in 1=?$
1#;0
'irst teleision
broadcast
81#2=
1#=01#?0
T!o8!a mobileradio serices
1#?0s 4 1#D0s
2000
1#=% 8 Cellular
MPS serice
in C(ica*o
&)& Radio 81#20
)ae interie!s
at :ell Labs /or
Mobile P(one
proFect 4 GT(ist(in* isnHt *oin*
an!(ere.I
200; 8 ndian
cellular
subscriberse
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Wh+ Wireless Communication?617
-reedom from /ires4 @o cost o/ installin* !ires or re!irin*
4 @o bunc(es o/ !ires runnin* (ere and t(ere
4 GAuto magicalI instantaneous communications !it(out
p(sical connection setup, e.*., :luetoot(, Wi'i
0lobal Coerage4 Communications can reac( !(ere !irin* is in/easible
or costl, e.*., rural areas, old buildin*s, battle/ield,e(icles, outer space 6t(rou*( CommunicationSatellites7
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Wh+ Wireless Communication?627
Sta+ Connected4 Roamin*allo!s /le
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Wh+ Wireless Communication?6%7
ncreasin* dependence on
telecommunication serices /or business
and personal reasons
Consumers and businesses are !illin* to
pa /or it
)asic Mantra2 Sta+ connected 3
an+/here4 an+time5
C
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Challenges617
Efficient 6ard/are
4 Low powerTransmitters, Receiers
4 Low PowerSi*nal Processin* Tools
Efficient use of finiteradio spectrum4 Cellular /re5uenc reuse, medium access control
protocols,...
Integrated serices
4 oice, data, multimediaoer a sin*le net!orJ
4 serice di//erentiation, priorities, resource s(arin*,...
Wi l C i ti
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Multimedia Re.uirements
Voice VideoData
Delay
Packet Loss
BER
Data Rate
Traffic
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Challenges627
@et!orJ support /or user mobilit+6mobilescenarios7
4 location identi/ication, (andoer,...
Maintainin* .ualit+ of sericeoerunreliable linJs
Connectiit and coera*e
6internet/or7ing7 Coste//icienc
Wi l C i ti
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Challenges6%7
'adin*
Multipat(
"i*(er probabilit o/ data corruption4 "ence, need /or stron*er c(annel codes
@eed /or stron*er Securit mec(anisms
4 priac, aut(entication,K
Wi l C i ti
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Wireless s Mobile
NOTE+ Wireless does not necessaril
mean mobile
Wireless Sstems ma be4 -ixed 6e.*., Metropolitan rea @et!orJ7
4 ,ortable6e.*., !ireless interaction bet!een TB
and BCR7
4 Mobile6e.*., mobile p(one7
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*+pes of Wireless Communication 617
Radio *ransmission4 Easil *enerated, omni8directionall trael lon*distances, easil penetrate buildin*s
4 Problems+ /re5uenc8dependent
relatie lo! band!idt( /or data communication ti*(tl licensed b t(e *oernments
Micro/ae *ransmission4 Widel used /or lon* distance communication4 ies a (i*( S3@ ratio, relatiel ine
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*+pes of Wireless Communication 627
Infrared and Millimeter Waes4 Widel used /or s(ort8ran*e communication4 >nable to pass t(rou*( solid obFects4 >sed /or indoor !ireless L@s, not /or outdoors
8ight/ae *ransmission4 >n*uided optical si*nal, suc( as laser4 Connect t!o L@s in t!o buildin*s ia laser
mounted on t(eir roo/
4 >nidirectional, eas to install, donHt re5uire license4 Problems+ unable to penetrate rain or t(icJ /o* laser beam can be easil dierted b turbulent air
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Wireless S+stems 2 Range Comparison
Satellite
8in7s
SW
Radio
MW
Radio-M
Radio
Mobile
*elephon+4
W88W89s)luetoothIR
1,000 &m100 &m10 &m1 &m100 m10 m1 m
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0ro/th 2 *echnolog+ ta7eup time to
:#M usersTelep(one
TB
Radio
Wireless Communications
nternet
': +ears
;: +ears
" +ears
1% +ears
1' +ears
Mobile P(ones in ndia1# +ears
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*raffic 0ro/th
0
2$
1##= 1### 2000 2001
$0
D$
100
12$
1$0
Tra//ic
Boice
nternet access
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*he Indian ffordabilit+ factor 617 ndia (as 1 billion people and 1=0 million
(ouse(olds Toda, ndia (as more mobile p(ones6A $0 million7
t(an /i
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*he Indian ffordabilit+ factor 627 ndiaOs mobile8p(one industr is addin* about 1.$
millionne! users a mont( 6mostl in t(e cities7.
T(e Telecom Re*ulator ut(orit o/ ndia 6TR7predicts t(at t(ere !ill be 1$0 millionmobilesubscribers b 200D.
)eclinin* prices /or mobile8p(one (andsets !illliJel Jeep sales risin* into t(e /uture.
Mobile (andset costs could drop to around Rs.1,$00/rom Rs. 2,$00, i/ local companies start tomanu/acture t(e (andsets.
Wireless Communications
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*he Indian ffordabilit+ factor 6%7 :ecause o/ ndiaOs lar*e *eo*rap(, !ireless is t(e
/astest and c(eapest !a to e
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Simplified Wireless Communication
S+stem Representation
n.$rmati$n t$
e tran+mitte"
($iceata*
1$"ing !$"ulat$r $%er
:mpli.ier
n.$rmati$n
receie"
($iceata*
ec$"ing em$"ulat$r #;:
:ntenna
:ntenna1arrier
1arrier
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Summar+ of 8ecture 1
W(at is Wireless Communications
brie/ (istor o/ Wireless
Communications
T(e adanta*es and t(e c(allen*es T(e arious tpes o/ Wireless
Communications
T(e ndian //ordabilit /actor
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End of Module 1
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e ess Co u cat o s
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Wireless Communications
Module %
Introduction to Current
Wireless S+stems
Wireless Communications
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Outline of Module %
E
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Current Wireless S+stems
Cellular Sstems Wireless L@s
Satellite Sstems
Pa*in* Sstems
Wireless P@s 6bluetoot(, >W:7
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15Cellular S+stems
eo*rap(ic re*ion diided into cells 're5uencies3timeslots3codes reused at spatiall8
separated locations :ase stations3Mobile Telep(one S!itc(in* //ices
6MTSs7 coordinate (ando// and control /unctions
Reuse channels to maximize capacity
BASE
STATION
MT+,
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Wireless 89 Standards
)it rate -re.uenc+)and
Range
IEEE %511b $.$ 4 11Mbps 2.; "9 A100m
IEEE %511a $; Mbps $ (9 A100m
6iper89
(Europe$
20Mbps $ "9 A$0m
6iper89=% $; Mbps $ "9 A$0m
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'5 Satellite S+stems617
Coer er lar*e areas 6*lobal coera*e74 Ber use/ul in sparsel populated areas+ rural areas, sea,
mountains, etc.
)i//erent orbit (ei*(ts4 Es 6%?000 &m7 ersus LEs 62000 &m7
ptimi9ed /or one8!a transmission4 Radio 6M, ):7 and moie 6SatTB7 broadcastin*
E
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'5Satellite S+stems627
Limited85ualit oice3data transmission
Traditional pplications4 Weat(er satellite4 Radio and TB broadcastin*4 Militar satellites
Telecommunication pplications4 lobal telep(one connections4 :acJbone /or *lobal net!orJ4 PS
ntelsat, lobalstar, Teledesic, nmarsat are somee
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"5,aging S+stems
:road coera*e /or s(ort messa*in*
Messa*e broadcast /rom all base stations
Simple terminals
Lo! comple
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Widerea ,aging S+stem
, S * 9
: a s e s t a t i o nT e l e p ( o n e
,aging
*erminal
,aging
*erminal
,aging
*erminal
: a s e s t a t i o n
: a s e s t a t i o n
p a * e r
S a t e l l i t e
,aging Control
Center
*errestrial 8in7
*errestrial 8in7
Satellite 8in7
Cit+ 1
Cit+ %
Cit+ 9
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=C%2=10.?18Cimini8D3#=
:5 ,ersonal rea 9et/or7s (,9s$
)luetooth
Cable replacement R' tec(nolo* 6lo! cost7
S(ort ran*e 610m, e
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:5 ,9s627
E
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Emerging Wireless S+stems
d (oc !ireless net!orJs
Sensor net!orJs
)istributed control net!orJs
>ltra Wideband 6>W:7 Sstems
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15 d6oc 9et/or7s617
Peer8to8peer communications.
@o bacJbone in/rastructure.
Routin* can be multi(op.
Topolo* is dnamic.
'ull connected !it( di//erent linJ S@Rs
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d8(oc net!orJs proide a /le
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%5 Sensor 9et/or7s
@odes po!ered b non8rec(ar*eable batteries )ata /lo!s to centrali9ed location. Lo! per8node rates but up to 100,000 nodes. )ata (i*(l correlated in time and space. @odes can cooperate in transmission, reception,
compression, and si*nal processin*.
Energy is the driving constraint
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3.>istributed Control oer Wireless 8in7s
PacJet loss and3or delas impacts controller per/ormance.
Controller desi*n s(ould be robust to net!orJ /aults.
oint application and communication net!orJ desi*n.
/*tomated Ve3icles
Cars
4/Vs
5)sect flyers
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"5 W: transmits ultra8lo! po!er radio si*nals !it(er narro/ pulses6nanosecond7.
:ecause o/ its lo! po!er re5uirements, >W: is erdifficult to detect 6(ence secure7.
: typical U>? pul+e
n+
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5'
"5
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5&
"5
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"5
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Spectrum Regulation
World!ide spectrum controlled b T>8R T> auctions spectral blocJs /or set applications.
Some spectrum set aside /or uniersal use.
!pectral allocation"regulation heavil# impacts the evolution
of wireless technolog#
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Summar+ of Module %
E
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End of Module %