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WMES3103: INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
WEEK 10 : USER INTERFACES AND VISUALIZATION
User interfaces - communication betweeen human information seekers and IRS
When users approach an IRS - unclear as to how they can achieve their goal
User interface should:• Help to understand and express information
needs• Help formulate queries• Help select among available information
sources• Help understand search results• Helps monitor progress of search
HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION 5 principles for the design of user
interfaces offer informative feedback permit easy reversal of action support an internal locus of control reduce working load memory provide alternative interfaces for novice
and expert users
DESIGN PRINCIPLESOffer informative feedback important for information access
interfaces system able to provide user with feedback
about : relationship between their query specification
and the documents retrieved relationship among retrieved documents, relationships between retrieved documents
and metadata describing collections
Permit easy reversal of action able to move back and forth
between screens icons – HOME, BACK
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Support an internal locus of control if the user has control over how and
when feedback is provided, then the system is said to provide an internal locus of control
DESIGN PRINCIPLESReduce working memory load information access - iterative process goals change when information is found provide mechanisms to keep track of
choices made during the search process allowing users to return to temporarily abandoned strategies, jump from one strategy to the next and retain information and context across search sessions = HISTORY LIST
DESIGN PRINCIPLES provide browsable information that
is relevant to the current stage of the information access process – eg. suggestions of related terms or metadata, and search starting points including lists of sources and topic lists
DESIGN PRINCIPLES
Provide alternative interfaces for novice and expert users
simple interfaces – easier to learn, less flexible, less efficient use
powerful interfaces – allows a knowledgeable user to do more, more control over the operation of the interface, time consuming, a memory burden to occasional users
DESIGN PRINCIPLES use scaffolding technique – novice user =
simple interface that can be learned quickly, but expert user = alternative interfaces which give more control, more options, more features, etc
good user interface design = provides intuitive bridges between the simple and the advanced interfaces
how much information to show the user = a major design choice in information access interfaces
ROLE OF VISUALIZATION Tools of computer interface design –
windows, menus, icons, dialog boxes, etc – use bit-mapped display and computer graphics to provide a more accessible interface than command based display
Scientific visualization – maps physical phenomena onto 2 or 3-dimensional representations – eg. colorful image off the pattern and peaks on the ocean floor constructed from data only
ROLE OF VISUALIZATION Information visualization – humans highly
attuned to images and visual information – eg. remember a face from a picture much better than reading a written description of the same face -visualization of abstract information
Use language to communicate abstract ideas which has no physical manifestation – eg. how do we depict a picture whereby 2 parties are negotiating, one for concessions and the other not agreeing to it?
INFORMATION ACCESS PROCESS
1. Start with an information need2. Select a system and collection to search on3. Formulate a query4. Send query to the system5. Receive results in the form of information items6. Scan, evaluate, and interpret the results7. Either stop, or8. Reformulate the query and go to step 4
INFORMATION ACCESS PROCESS Information seeking process = standard
information access process or interaction cycle or simple interaction model
Used by Web search engines Does not take into account that most users
dislike to see long lists of retrieved documents that does not answer their query directly
Assumes user information need is static and information seeking process is one of successfully refining a query until it retrieves all and only those documents relevant to the original information need
STARTING POINT Search interface - must provide good
ways to get started Empty or blank screen does not provide
any clues to help a user decide how to start the search process
Users start with very short queries (testing) – inspect results – modify queries bit by bit
STARTING POINT Information access interface - must help
users select the sources and collection to search on lists of collections (CLJ) overviews ( contents of the collection, show
the topics represented within the collection and can help users select or eliminate sources – Yahoo)
examples/dialogs/wizards(provides examples of interaction with the system)
automated source selection (SavvySearch)
QUERY SPECIFICATION To formulate a query, the user must select
collections, metadata descriptions, or information sets against which the query is to be matched and must specify words, phrases, descriptors or other kinds of information that can be compared or matched against the information in the collection
The system will create a set of documents, metadata, or other information type that match the query specifications in some sense and display the results to the users in some form
QUERY SPECIFICATION 5 primary human-computer
interaction styles - command language, form filling, menu selection, direct manipulation and natural language
CONTEXT Various interface techniques for placing
the current document set in the context of other document types in order to make one document set more understandable
Showing the relationship of the document set to the query terms, collection overviews, descriptive metadata, hyperlink structure, document structure, and to other documents within the set.
CONTEXT Most common way to show results for a
query – list information about the documents in order of computed relevance to the query according to metadata attribute – document
title, date, source, length of article Ranking – numerical score or percentage Short or detailed view
Once, document is retrieved, good to highlight occurrence of search term with contrasting colour or reverse video
USING RELEVANCE JUDGEMENTS Important component of information
access process = query formulation Effective techniques for query formulation
= relevance feedback Standard interface for relevance feedback
consists of : List of titles with checkboxes beside the titles
that allow the user to mark relevant documents Unmarked documents = not relevant or no
opinion
USING RELEVANCE JUDGEMENTS
Marked = relevant OR Provide a choice among several checkboxes
indicating relevant or not relevant (with no selection implying no opinion)
OR Users put a value against each document to
mark level of relevance - issues a search command - system re-executes the search or generates a list of terms for the user to select to compliment original query - list of new titles appear
INTERFACE SUPPORT FOR SEARCH PROCESS User interface designer must make decisions
- how to arrange various kinds of information on the computer screen and how to structure the possible sequences of interactions
Simple interface - special purpose search window for string matching – FIND
More complex search tasks – interface designers must decide how to lay out the various choices and information displays within the interface – command or menu structure
INTERFACE SUPPORT FOR SEARCH PROCESS Windowing system – divide into different
simultaneously displayed views Able to link documents, cut and paste, Arrange information within windows –
monolithic display, tiled windows or overlapping windows
How many kinds of information can be shown at the same time – text display area as well as others eg. thesaurus terms, query specifications, lists of saved titles, etc.
Good layout, graphics, font size - IMPT
22 Jan 2004 Holiday Class will be cumulated with Week
12’s class HAPPY CHINESE NEW YEAR