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10.04.2012Dr Riffat Haque
Women triple roles1. Reproductive: child bearing/rearing
& domestic tasks and maintenance of the labor force.
2. Productive: work which bring cash and subsistence/ home production, farm or wage work.
3. Community: community work which is an extension of their reproductive role. Which is voluntary & unpaid such as education, health, water. (men’s contribution has status, wages, and power)
Concepts of Gender analysis for planning 1. Practical gender needs: related with
women’s socially accepted roles. - Identified by women themselves & or
government- It does not challenge the gender division
of labor or women’s subordinate positions.
- PGN are related with immediate perceived necessity often concerned with inadequacies such as water, health care, employment, housing…
2. Strategic gender needs related with women’s subordinate position in the society.
- Related with particular social, cultural context & nature of woman and man relationship
- It can vary according to particular context i.e. related to gender division of labour, power and control__ legal rights, domestic violence, equal wages ...
- SGN changes existing roles, challenges women’s subordination, helps women to gain equality.
- Feminists concern for bottom up struggle- the ‘women’s real interests’.
THREE SCHOOL OF THOUGHT
WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT
WOMEN & DEVELOPMENT
GENDER &DEVELOPMENT
POLICY APPROACHES IN DEVELOPMENTSince 1950’s – shifts in policy approachesM. Buvinic (1980’s)-----Caroline Moser (1995)► WELFARE APPROACH►EQUITY APPROACH►ANTI-POVERTY APPROACH►EFFICIENCY APPROACH►EMPOWERMENT APPROACH
WELFARE APPROACH1950-1970 - Social Welfare continued from the colonizers.- Pre WID Approach- Accelerated economic growth/ModeranizationTo bring women in development so that they are better
mothers- the most important role of child rearing.To meet PGN of mothers reproductive role such as; food,
malnutrition, family planningWomen seen as passive beneficiaries.Short term- relief activity
WELFARE APPROACH continued…Colonization- Welfare concern of voluntary charities as govt concerned
with law and order+ trade and agriculture.Post independence- margenalized ministries of welfare & mostly
private relief agencies especially targeted vulnerable groups-women, disabled etc.
Two pronged approach a) Hard-edged: Financial aid for economic growth- targeting men. b) Soft-edged: Relief Aid- targeting women.
Non- challenging---widely popular in govt and NGO sector, UNICEF,UNHHCR
Top- down approach ( Food, MCH, population planning)Critique: Dev projects were negatively affecting women, Failure of
modernization theory.Resulted in UN 1975 International women’s year Conference- women
were put in development agendas
WID Women should be made part of
development.To improve women’s education,
employment, political representation, participation in social welfare.
Funds for women activities.WID offices in USAID etc offices.Modernization will have trickle down
effect in favor of poor and also women. And women’s families will also benefit.It did not touched the existing social
structuresIt emphasized women’s productive role
and ignored the reproductive role
EQUITY APPROACH
1976-1985 UN Women DecadeRecognition women are active participants in
development- so to gain EQUITY for women in the dev process by recognizing her triple roles.
SGN by involvement of state by giving political and economic autonomy to women thus challenged her subordinate position
Ministries and Bureau created.It was considered western feminist agenda and
not popular with govt’s.
EQUITY APPROACH Continued…In Third World WID approach of modernization
created inequalities because:a) Productive role not recognizedb) Women restricted to reproductive rolec) Application of western values.USAID projects emphasized to bring women into
national economies and dev: process.Women access to employment & market.By focusing on gender division of labor the equity
approach tried to meet SGN. The policies prepared top-down legislation but
adopted consultation and participatory approach
EQUITY APPROACH Continued…
Equity approach had methodological difficulties due to lack of:
Baseline data eco, social, politicalAmbiguity in indicatorsDev agencies hostile to the approach in
meeting both PGN & SGN. They found it difficult to tamper the traditions/cultural fabric of the local society.
1975 W Conference labeled WID as ethnocentric feminism
WADWomen are already part of development.
Dependency theory—that third world depends on the capitalist world--which is based on exploitation and inequality .
Women only projects initiated.To remove Inequalities existing structures need to be challenged
ANTI-POVERTY APPROACH1970’s onward. A toned down approach to increase the
productivity of poor women.Poverty of Woman was considered due to
underdevelopment and not subordination.Woman’s productive role recognized. To meet PGN to earn income- Small scale
projects.NGO income generating projects.
ANTI-POVERTY APPROACH continued
ILO –employment & income generation for women became a policy objective
World bank wanted to eradicate poverty and redistribution with growth. To meet basic needs (food, clothing, shelter..) and social needs (edu, health, human rights..)
It disturbed the balance of power in family and else where still men were in control.
Women were not introduced to new traits.The whole process was not participatory. The govts
were reluctant to share the resources. NGO depended on grants rather than loans from international agencies.
Financial benefits had not trickled down
GADHolistic approach on genderShifted focus from women to
genderRe-examine all social, political and
economic structures from gender perspective.
Redistribution of power relationsRe-conceptualize development
process taking gender and global inequalities
Transformative change-gender mainstreaming
GAD focuses on:Gender Division of LabourIntervention in women triple roleAccess to and control over resources
and benefits.Influencing factors such as; culture,
financial, religious, politcal…Condition and positions of men and
women in the society.Practical and Strategic interests of
women and men.Levels of participation.Gender analysis of the women’s
struggle/ movement
EFFICIENCY APPROACHPost 1980’s Deterioration in world economyPolicies of eco stabilization depend on
women’s eco contribution in devLow income women were targeted.Dev can be ensured more efficient and
effective if women participate equallyTo meet PGN –relying on women 3 rolesWomen’s working day was extendedIt was a popular approach with govt &
multilateral agencies
EFFICIENCY APPROACH CONTINUED…USAID, WB etc proposed that women eco participation
in dev will increase efficiency and equity together because we are wasting 50% human resources.
Lack of edu and under productive technologies were identified as constraints.
IMF & WB introduced structural adjustment policies to combat the eco down turn.
- By relocation of resources, exports, restoration of balance of payments.
SAP’s was a top down approach , did increase efficiency but exploited the women’s unpaid time- male bias.
SAP resulted in govts social expenditure which meant effecting women’s PGN, food subsidies, edu, health …
SAP were at the cost of women productive as well as reproductive role- elasticity in time allocated to diff activities --men won’t take unpaid domestic work
UNICEF highlighted how SAP has damaged women roles and dev as such
EMPOWERMENT APPROACH1975, 80’s onwardsTo improve women through greater self reliance To reach SGN in terms of triple roles-through
bottom up approach, mobilize around PGN as a means to confront oppression.
Un supported by state govtsGrowth of under financed voluntary
organizations.Western feminist agenda – colonial and neo-
colonial agenda.Though the whole idea of EA was derived from
third world feminist writing and their grassroots work experiences.
Empowerment does not mean power over others but self-reliance and internal strength of women
Equity had less emphasis but more on women’s status vs men Jayawardene argue that women subordination is with in the
family and due to race, class, colonial history & now IMF govt policies has aggravated it.
So women have to challenge multiple oppressive structures and situations at different levels
It is not necessary that PGN will lead to SGN.National liberation was emphasized and participatory
planning, NGO role, Institutional changes in legal codes, political mobilization, consciousness raising and education.
More over legal status of women in marriage, benefit rights, property rights. Employment, excess to credit and skill training. Gender and environment planning, housing and human settlement etc
Empowering ourselves through organization- Involving women from movements, networks, organizations alliances with an aim to empower women by rejecting bureaucratic structures in favour of non-hierarchical structures DAWN (Dev alternative with women for a new era) SEWA