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WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY:
Strengthening TAF’s Gender Strategy within Environmental Programming
February 2014
Environment Theme: Focus Areas
Natural Resources Management and Use
Environmental Governance
Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Management
Transboundary Water Resources Management
Urban Environment (exploratory)
Low-carbon development (initial)
Environment Theme: Approaches
Building Trust
Collaborative partnerships
Empowered voices
Transparent systems
Informed solutions
Key Terms
Environmental Sustainability emphasizes that economic and social development plans need to incorporate a balanced management of natural resources, such as atmosphere, water and soil, so that the “environmental service capacity” of key life-support systems can continue to sustain humanity.
Women’s Empowerment focuses on the structural and social changes that need to occur in order for women to have equal rights and opportunities, to have the freedom and the means to reach their goals, and to have the tools to lift themselves and their families out of poverty.
How Does Gender Matter?
Environmental degradation and climate change disproportionately affect different regions, generations, ages, income groups, occupations, and genders, with the most vulnerable populations being the world’s poorest people in LDCs, of which 70% are women.
Women make up 60% of workforce in climate-sensitive subsistence farming and the agricultural industry.
Women have less access than men to education, credit, political participation, family planning, information and technology, land rights, and diverse income-generating opportunities.
Violence against women increases in the aftermath of natural disasters and depletion of natural resources.
What’s Happening in Asia?
pollution and depletion of fresh water supplies accelerating demands for oil, gas, coal, and
minerals decline of ocean and freshwater fisheries degradation and disappearance of critical
ecological services and biodiversity food insecurity, malnutrition and permanent loss
of agricultural lands increasing amounts of waterborne diseases premature deaths from air pollution conflict over scarce natural resources
What Can We Learn From Others?CARE, Women’s Environment and Development Organization (WEDO), OXFAM International, Vital Voices Global Partnership (VVGP), DFID, ADB, IUCN, USAID…have outlined official guidelines for gender provisions in their missions that include at minimum to: integrate gender issues into policies on climate change
adaptation and mitigation (gender action plan) promote gender equality in national crisis response and
recovery acts encourage gender-sensitive financial planning support active participation of women’s organizations
in environmental programming develop gender indicators and inclusion of gender-
disaggregated data in project monitoring and reporting
Two-Pronged Approach
Take a moment and quickly think…..
What are the joint gender and environmental
issues in your country context?
TAF – MG’s Environmental work from the gender aspect
Anujin (Anu) BaatarkhuuEnvironmental Project Coordinator
Outline
Gender overview in Mongolia
ASM as a sub-sector in Mongolia
Engaging Stakeholders for Environmental Conservation – Phase II (ESEC II)
Gender assessment in artisanal and small-scale mine sub-sector
Distribution of artisanal and small-scale miners
Source: Report on artisanal and small scale miners’ survey 2012, NSO
Engaging Stakeholders for Environmental Conservation Phase II
(ESEC - II)
Mongolia’s artisanal mining sector contributes to sustainable local development, including the realization of the right to a healthy environment and the right to decent work
Donor organization: SDC Duration: 3.5 years Project partner: Ministry of Mining, SDC/SAM Implementation sites: 50 soums of 15 aimags
(organized)
Gender assessment (2013)
Objective - To develop a gender mainstreaming strategy
Methodology - Quantitative (Social Policy Development Research
Institute) - Qualitative (Field trip in August)
Coverage (qualitative)- Tunkhel bagh- Airag soum - Sharyn Gol
Mongolia’s National Statistical Office (2012)
Objective- To provide data that can be used to further assess effectiveness of the current legal framework in this sector and inform future policies on artisanal and small scale mine.
Methodology- Working group
Coverage - 13.4 thousand citizens
Number of artisanal and small scale miners by age group and gender
Gender ratio242 males: 100 females
Level of education of artisanal and small scale miners
Source: Report on artisanal and small scale miners’ survey 2012, NSO
Involvement of women in and around artisanal and small scale mine
Total number of small scale miners who participated in the survey: 13 375
Unpaid worker at family business
2713 (20.3%)
Male: 1856 (68.4%)
Female: 857 (31.6%)
Leaders, members of partnerships 1930 (14.4%)
Male: 1470 (76.2%)
Female: 460 (23.8%)
Artisanal and small scale
miners6772 (50.6%)
Male: 5844 (86.3%)
Female: 928 (13.7%)
Small scale mining supporting activities
1960 (14.7%)
Male: 1290 (65.8%)Female: 670 (34.2%)
Source: Report on artisanal and small scale miners’ survey 2012, NSO
Gender division of labor in artisanal and small scale mine
Mining Processing Auxiliary services
Digging
Go underground
Crush stones
Use compressor to pull up rocks
Operate windlass
Bag ore
Sorting stones
Transporting ore
Loading and unloading trucks
Dynamite blasting
Panning/Washing ore
Clean the mills at the processing plant
Use water pump
Prepare food/Deliver food
Dish washing
Clean up
Selling gold
Organization/ Coordination
Men
Women
Health issues afflicting artisanal and small scale miners
Health problems Male (% ) Female (%)
Respiratory system disease 89.4 10.6 Backaches 81.9 18.1 Digestion related disease 75 25.0 Cardio disease 68.6 31.4 Skin and subcutaneous cellulos disease 85.8 14.2 Bone and muscle structure and connecting tissue 76.9 23.1 Urinary and genital 65.0 35.0 Injuries, intoxication and other diseases caused by external causes
89.1 10.9
Nervous system diseases 65.1 34.9 Infections and parasitic diseases 63.6 34.4
Source: Report on artisanal and small scale miners’ survey 2012, NSO
Mercury intoxication among artisanal and small scale miners
Total urine mercury concentration
N Mean+/-SD
Total 1865 0.254 +/- 1.796
Men 812 0.249 +/- 2.07
Women 1053 0.257 +/- 1.55
Source: Reference value of mercury in blood and urine of Mongolian people, 2013, WHO
Key findings
Literacy rate of artisanal and small scale miners are high- National average - Female miners
Improving skills of and supporting female artisanal and small scale miners
Consider ‘double burden’ of women - Household chores and child care - Physical demand at the site
Awareness raising on occupational safety and first aid - Mercury
Observations: Relevant resources: Land, land-related technologies and knowledge of these
technologies, knowledge about government policies, knowledge of methods to create environmental action plans.
Access to information on the process of civil registration. Access to social services: schools, hospitals. Household resource needs: Appropriate dwelling, school (seasonal), hospital, access
to food, sanitation. Education: In rural areas, women are better educated than men and so can be more
active environmental actors in ASM rehabilitation.
Interventions: Gender analysis baseline survey shall be conducted to define the gendered use of
resources, resource needs, access to land use, technologies, and knowledge of and access to government regulations.
Targeted trainings to make up for knowledge gaps identified.
Access to and Control over Resources:
Who has access to resources? How are they used? Gender constraints?
Knowledge, Beliefs, Perceptions:Who knows what? What are relevant beliefs?
Observations: Social perception is negative towards ASM. Women shall not do “hard” physical work Older men are “wiser” and their words are ones to be listened and
followed Women tend to be more willing to do either rehabilitation compared to
men; and women tend to be more willing to do biological rehabilitation whereas men will be more involved in technical rehabilitation processes.
Belief: ASM causes environmental degradation. This can affect women more than men because women gather water.
Interventions: Perception survey needs to be conducted Green ASM technologies are introduced to address environmental
degradation. Empower women to serve as leaders, build their capacity, and broaden
their knowledge. Train both women and men on new technologies. Assign both men and
women to technological tasks.
Practices and Participation: Who does what? What are relevant gender roles?
Observations In hard rock, underground mining, men are more involved in digging and
bagging whereas women are responsible in household duties, childcare and small businesses (in some cases).
In placer gold mining, both men and women are involved in the mining process.
Women participation tend to be limited due to domestic work burden. The time is key resource of the participation. But women spend more 4-5 hours for the household duties.
Interventions Training on rehabilitation, health and safety, gender equality (men and
women shall be involved equally).
Hold trainings when women are less likely to have household duties. Provide childcare options.
Time and Space: How do men and women structure their days?
Observations Men spend their day at the mine site. Women spend their day at home taking care of children, doing household duties
and supporting men in other ways Men have hard duties (physically, and safety and health wise) for a short time
period. Women tend to have every day “easier” duties for a longer time period. Mining is seasonal, except coal mining
Interventions Conduct trainings targeted for women near households. Conduct trainings
targeted for men at mine sites. Trainings, workshops and other activities shall be conducted seasonally: In winter the project can focus on: Gender equality trainings & Awareness raising In summer the project can focus on: Health and safety (on site) & Rehabilitation
(on site)
Legal Rights and Status: What are key legal issues and how are they practiced?
Observations ASMers are more or less aware and know their legal rights and
responsibilities. Unfortunately, these are not being fully complied (Ex: avoiding taxes)
2010 Amendments in the Minerals Law and Land law, Law of Mongolia Mining and land related legislation can be believed to be “gender neutral”
but it can actually provide distinct advantages to men and women.
Interventions Education on rehabilitation requirements for ASMers by resource types
(gold, fluorspar, etc.) for more responsible compliance of ASMers. Participatory focus group discussions shall be conducted to gauge men’s
and women’s awareness of legal rights and policy and the effectiveness of the laws.
Conduct trainings to inform men and women on legal rights (if this is perceived as a need).This is important for vulnerable women miners to obtain mining land.
Leadership and Decision Making:Who has control over decisions and what are gender
constraints?
Observations Women tend to make decision regarding household, whereas men hold
mining rights to make decision about the site. On the other hand, ASMes formed into partnerships tend to be headed by
women leaders. However, we are not fully aware who has the control. Men are more represented in the policy-making world and higher ranks of
government so women have less control over designing relevant policies.
Interventions Support women ASMers voices to be heard at the policy-making level
through influential NGOs and gender centers. Support formation and networking of associations of women miners. Local multi-stakeholder councils can negotiate a budget for gender-
specific activities including ensuring a balance in local multi-stakeholder councils.
ESEC II Gender Action Plan
Natural capital - Access to mineral deposits and other employment:
Women’s equal participation in small scale mine and other activities in and around the mine
Human capital - Skills, knowledge and ability: Run skills and
technology transfer programs and ensure equitable participation by women through gender sensitive programming (mercury free technologies, rehabilitation and green jobs)
Financial capital - Funds for prospecting: support women’s equal
access to finance through trainings on management, organizational skills and leadership development
ESEC II Gender Action Plan (cont.)
Social capital - Network to access support: Awareness raising
activities for different stakeholders about the need to have gender equity (ensure gender sensitive action plans are put in place by LMCs)
- Support formation of Women’s Committee within ASM NGOs
- Support equal participation of both women and men in project activities (ex: children’s corner)
- Support small scale Mining information and service centers
WEP/ENV Collaborative Concepts
Gender and Climate Change Adaptation Addressing climate change and gender in Bangladesh
Gender and Climate Change Finance Women’s access to climate finance (clean energy,
adaptation) Gender responsive budgeting
Women Green Entrepreneurs Supporting Chinese women green entrepreneurs
What are gender + environmental issues in your country context?
Climate finance: access to or integration of gender
Unequal roles in decision-making (around natural resource management, energy disaster management)
Dependence on natural resources Lack of political representation in environmental decision-making
Primary responsibility for collecting fire wood, water, food
Increased vulnerability post natural disaster
Unequal access to resources Lack of support for (green) business entrepreneurship