Post on 16-Nov-2014
transcript
First half of 20th century
Race for Empire Building
Aggressive Nationalism
Militarism
Fascism and Nazism
Why is the first half of the 20th Century called the Age of Conflict? -- 3 marks
Triumph of Democracy over Dictatorship
Experiments in Internationalism
Scientific and Technological Progress
Imperialism of the European Nations
Aggressive Nationalism and Militarism
Diplomatic Groupism
Political Complications in the Balkans
Immediate Cause
Fast Growth of Industries in the 19th Century
Use of Machines Increase in Production
Markets outside their own Countries
European Merchants Trade with Asia and Africa
Enmity among European Nations
Race to Acquire Rich Territories
England and France were in the Forefront
Germany entered late
England and France acquired strategic and rich territories
Power and Status of Nation = Territorial Extent
1871: Germany annexed Alsace and Lorraine
Russia and Austria were trying to capture Eastern Europe
Desire to increase glory
Aggressive Nationalism Militarism
Militarily Powerful Nations Important role in World Politics
Race to Increase Military and Naval Strength
Europe became Explosive
Politics of Groupism Strained Relations among European Nations
Increasing Tension
Allied PowersAllied PowersAllied PowersAllied Powers Triple Alliance Triple Alliance Triple Alliance Triple Alliance
England Germany
France
Russia
Austro-Hungarian
Italy
Desire to Unite all German speaking states of Central Europe
Was not possible unless Austria and France were defeated
Defeated Austria in 1866
Defeated France in 1870
1879: Signed a secret Military Alliance with Austria
1882: Italy joined Germany and Austria
1882: Triple Alliance was born
Bismark, The Chancellor of
Prussia
1888: Kaisar William II Emperor of Germany
Ambitions: To Increase the Foreign Trade To Acquire New Colonies To Build a Powerful Navy To secure a place of Importance for
Germany in World Politics
Achievements: Acquired Territories Enlarged his Army Increased German Naval Powers New Naval Bases established Work of the Construction of Kiel Canal
Kaisar William II – Emperor of
Germany
1902: Alliance of England and Japan
Increasing German Navy Challenge to English Empire
Berlin-Baghdad Railway Threat to English Influence in Asia
To make the position Strong and protect the Empire
1904: Alliance of England and France
France threatened by German Expansion
Resolved outstanding disputes between France and England
1907: Alliance of England and Russia
Three years after Anglo-French Alliance, England and Russia entered an Alliance to solve their Outstanding disputes
Balkans: Eastern European Territory – Part of the Turkish Empire
Balkans: Strategically Important
Control over Balkans Influence over Mediterranean Sea
England and France feared their passage to Asia
They interfered in the politics of Eastern Europe
Austria coveted Balkan Territory
Revolution in Turkey 1908
Bulgaria in Balkans declared Independence
Serbia achieved Independence
Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovinia
Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was at Sarajevo, Bosnia, on June 28th, 1914
Killed in Bosnia by Serbian Nationalist
Immediately led to War
Gavrilo Princip after
his assassination
of Austrian Archduke
Franz Ferdinand.
Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassinated
Austria wanted crush Serbia
German support for Austria-Hungary
Austria serves ultimatum
Serbia’s refusal to accept demands
Austria declared war on Serbia -- GR 2 marks
Course of WWI
Austria took Advantage
German Support Austria-Hungary
Russian Support-Serbia
23/07/1914Russia Mobilizes Forces
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28/07/1914 Austria attacks Serbia
Germany declares war on Russia
England joins the war in August, 1914. America joins in 1917.
Many Americans lost their lives
American ship Lusitania sunk by German Submarine
Germany uses submarines going against America’s warnings
6/04/1917 America Declares war on Germany
America enters WWI
America declared war against Germany in 1917
GR – 2 marks
American entry strengthened the Allied Powers
One by one Central Powers surrendered
Germany signed ceasefire in November, 1918
WWI came to an end on 11th November, 1918
India was unnecessarily drawn into the war
Japan served China with 21 Imperialist Demands
The Paris Peace Treaty was signed in 1919-1920
The Treaty of Versailles was imposed on Germany
American entry strengthened the Allies
Central Powers were unable to withstand the Opposition
Surrendered one by one
Germany surrendered
Accepted Cease-fire in November, 1918
Human Loss More than 10 million European Soldiers
died
More than 1 lakh American Soldiers died
Twice the number of dead were wounded
The future of Europe was affected
4 marks
Economic Loss
Economic loss due to use of Destructive Weapons was enormous
Civilian property was lost
Trade and Industry came to a standstill
Except USA and Japan, all states Bankrupt
Formation of The League of Nations
International Organization
Created in 1920
To Guarantee Independence and Territorial Integrity of all nations, big or small
Birth of New Nations
The map of Europe was redrawn
Many new nations were born
Emergence of Great Power
The USA became a Great World Power
Political, Military and Economic centre of Power shifted from Europe to America
Seeds of World War II Weaknesses in formulation of 5
Peace Treaties
Resentment among defeated Nations
Paved way to the Second World War