Post on 04-Aug-2020
transcript
World War One
“The Great War”
Total War
• As World War One dragged on, nations
realized that a modern, mechanized war
required the total commitment of their
whole society.
• The result was total war, the channeling of
a nation’s entire resources into the war
effort.
Economic Impact
• All of the warring nations except Britain imposed
universal military conscription, or “the draft”
which required all young men to be ready for
military service.
• Germany set up a system of forced civilian
labor as well.
• Governments raised taxes and borrowed huge
amounts of money to pay for the costs of the
war, set prices and outlawed strikes.
Propaganda War
• Total war meant controlling public opinion.
• Complete casualty figures and other
discouraging news would be censored from the
people.
• Propaganda is the spreading of ideas to
promote a cause or to damage an opposing
cause.
• The press told stories of enemy atrocities, or
horrible acts against innocent people.
WWI & It’s Impact on Women
• As millions of men went off to fight, women
took over their jobs in factories making
weapons and supplies or joining the
armed forces to be nurses.
• After the war, women in Britain and the
U.S. received suffrage, or the right to vote.
Russian Revolution 1917
• V.I. Lenin and the communists overthrew
the czar in Russia. They withdrew from
the war and signed the Treaty of Brest-
Litovsk with Germany ending the war
on the eastern front.
• In the spring of 1918, Germany was able
to concentrate on the western front.
The U.S. Enters the War
• One major reason the U.S. entered the
war was German unrestricted submarine
warfare.
• U-boats attacked merchant and passenger
ships carrying American citizens.
• Many of these ships were transporting
supplies to the Allies (an act prohibited by
U.S. neutrality).
Lusitania
• May 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the British ocean liner the Lusitania.
• Almost 1,200 passengers were killed, including 128 Americans.
• U.S. President Wilson threatened to cut off relations with Germany.
• Germany justified the attack, arguing that the Lusitania was carrying weapons.
• Germany agreed to restrict its submarine
warfare.
• Before attacking any ship, German U-
boats would surface and give warning,
allowing neutral passengers to escape to
lifeboats.
• In December 1916, Germany resumed
unrestricted submarine warfare.
Zimmerman Note
• In early 1917, the British intercepted a
message from the German foreign
minister, Arthur Zimmerman, to his
ambassador in Mexico.
• Germany promised to give Mexico the
states of New Mexico, Texas and Arizona
if Mexico attacked the U.S.
• Anti-German feelings increased in the U.S.
Declaring War
• In April 1917, U.S. President Wilson asked
Congress to declare war on Germany.
• “A war to make the world safe for
democracy” and a “war to end war”.
• By 1918, about two million fresh American
soldiers joined the war-weary Allied troops
giving them a much needed morale boost
& financial aid provided by the U.S.
• The German people were angry with the
kaiser and he stepped down from power.
• The new German government sought an
armistice, or agreement to end fighting,
with the Allies.
• At 11 am on November 11th, 1918, the
Great War came to an end.
The Cost of World War I
1914-1918
Cost of War Country Mobilized Killed Wounded Total Casualties
Africa 55,000 10,000 unknown unknown -
Australia 330,000 59,000 152,000 211,000 64%
Austria-Hungary 6,500,000 1,200,000 3,620,000 4,820,000 74%
Belgium 207,000 13,000 44,000 57,000 28%
Bulgaria 400,000 101,000 153,000 254,000 64%
Canada 620,000 67,000 173,000 241,000 39%
The Caribbean 21,000 1,000 3,000 4,000 19%
French Empire 7,500,000 1,385,000 4,266,000 5,651,000 75%
Germany 11,000,000 1,718,000 4,234,000 5,952,000 54%
Great Britain 5,397,000 703,000 1,663,000 2,367,000 44%
Greece 230,000 5,000 21,000 26,000 11%
India 1,500,000 43,000 65,000 108,000 7%
Italy 5,500,000 460,000 947,000 1,407,000 26%
Japan 800,000 250 1,000 1,250 0.2%
Montenegro 50,000 3,000 10,000 13,000 26%
New Zealand 110,000 18,000 55,000 73,000 66%
Portugal 100,000 7,000 15,000 22,000 22%
Romania 750,000 200,000 120,000 320,000 43%
Russia 12,000,000 1,700,000 4,950,000 6,650,000 55%
Serbia 707,000 128,000 133,000 261,000 37%
South Africa 149,000 7,000 12,000 19,000 13%
Turkey 1,600,000 336,000 400,000 736,000 46%
USA 4,272,500 117,000 204,000 321,000 8%
Flu Pandemic
1918
• A pandemic is the spread of disease
across an entire country.
• Killed more than 20 million people
worldwide.
The Treaty of Versailles
& “The Big Four”
Georges
Clemenceau
Woodrow Wilson
David Lloyd
George
Vittorio
Emanuele
Orlando
14 Points
• U.S. President Woodrow Wilson wanted a
“peace without victory”.
• Collective Security: a group of nations
acts as one to preserve the peace of all.
• League of Nations
Signed at
Versailles,
June 28th,
1919
Palace at Versailles
Hall of Mirrors
Provisions of the Treaty
What is a provision? Is it…. A Noun? Yes!
1.the action of providing or supplying
something for use.
2.an amount or thing supplied or provided.
3.a condition or requirement in a legal
document.
4.an appointment to a position in a church
before it became vacant.
• Germany had to take full responsibility
for the war –war guilt
• Germany had to pay for all the war
damages (reparations) - $33 billion.
• Germany’s army was reduced to 100,000
men.
• Germany could have no air force or
submarines, and was limited to six
large ships.
• Germany to lose territory on all sides, &
split in two by new nation of Poland.
• Germany to lose all her colonies.
• The unfair demands on Germany led
them to be very resentful.
• The Treaty of Versailles at the end of
World War I led to the rise of Hitler and
World War II.