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XG Communications Program Information Briefing
Preston MarshallPreston Marshall
DARPA ATO Program ManagerDARPA ATO Program Manager
September 2004September 2004
ITU Study Group 8
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All Spectrum May Be Assigned, But…
…Most Spectrum Is Unused!
XG is Developing the Technology and System Concepts to
Dynamically Access Available Spectrum
React
Formulate Best Course of Action
ReactReact
Formulate Best Formulate Best Course of ActionCourse of Action
Adapt
Transition network to new emission plan
AdaptAdapt
Transition Transition network to new network to new emission plan emission plan
Characterize
Rapid waveform determination
CharacterizeCharacterize
Rapid waveform Rapid waveform determinationdetermination
Sense
Real time, Low-power, wideband
monitoring
SenseSense
Real time, LowReal time, Low--power, wideband power, wideband
monitoringmonitoring
AutonomousAutonomousDynamic Dynamic SpectrumSpectrumUtilizationUtilization
DARPA XG Program
Goal: Demonstrate Factor of 10 Increase in Spectrum Access
Maximum Amplitudes
Frequency (MHz)
Am
pli
du
e (
dB
m)
Heavy UseHeavy Use
Sparse UseSparse Use
Heavy UseHeavy Use
Medium UseMedium Use
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XG Program Components
The Primary Product XG Program is The Primary Product XG Program is Not a New Radio, but a , but a Set of Advanced Technologies for Dynamic Spectrum Access for Dynamic Spectrum Access
XG
Pro
du
cts
XG
Pro
du
cts
Temporal, Spectral, Temporal, Spectral, Dimensional, Energy Dimensional, Energy
CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Communications and Communications and Sensor ApplicationsSensor Applications
Transition toUser Community
Transition toUser Community
MeasurementsMeasurementsMeasurements Policy-Based ControlsPolicyPolicy-- Based ControlsBased Controls
XG BehaviorsXG BehaviorsXG Behaviors
Initial XG ImplementationInitial XG ImplementationInitial XG Implementation
Control of Features, Control of Features, Priorities, Allocations, Priorities, Allocations, Exclusions,…Exclusions,…
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XG Policy-Based Controls
• XG Being Developed In Advance of Policy FrameworkXG Being Developed In Advance of Policy Framework– Implementations Must Fit With National And International Implementations Must Fit With National And International
RegulationsRegulations– Algorithms Must be AdaptableAlgorithms Must be Adaptable
• Regional and operational situationsRegional and operational situations
• Evolving policiesEvolving policies
• Policy-Based “Metalanguage”Policy-Based “Metalanguage”– Translates Policy Rules Into Radio Behavior ControlsTranslates Policy Rules Into Radio Behavior Controls– Decouples XG Technology From Regulatory ProcessDecouples XG Technology From Regulatory Process– Control Operating Rules Based on Policies and SituationsControl Operating Rules Based on Policies and Situations– Using Semantic Web Technologies (DAML/OIL/OWL)Using Semantic Web Technologies (DAML/OIL/OWL)
Policy-Based Controls Will Draw on Practices & Methodologies Policy-Based Controls Will Draw on Practices & Methodologies Currently Employed Manually by Spectrum Managers Currently Employed Manually by Spectrum Managers
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Sense
Top-Level Functional Architecture
SystemStrategyReasonerRadio
PlatformPolicy
Reasoner
DeviceConfiguration
SystemPolicy
AccreditedPolicy
Transmit
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Top-Level CONOPS
Develop Develop RequestRequest
RF Resource Request
Process Process RequestRequest
Determine Determine
OpportunitiesOpportunities
Select Select
OpportunitiesOpportunitiesRF
Transmit Plan
Bound: Yes/NoUnbound: Binding
Constraints
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XG Key Principles
• Suitable for Range of Architectural ImplementationsSuitable for Range of Architectural Implementations– Centralized and decentralizedCentralized and decentralized
• Identify “Identify “Interference-PreventingInterference-Preventing” Core Set” Core Set– Extensible to other features (subleasing, microcharging,...)Extensible to other features (subleasing, microcharging,...)
• Separate Policies From EngineeringSeparate Policies From Engineering– Avoid advocacy for specific spectrum sharing policiesAvoid advocacy for specific spectrum sharing policies– XG being developed In advance of Policy FrameworksXG being developed In advance of Policy Frameworks
• Provide For Richness/Complexity of PoliciesProvide For Richness/Complexity of Policies– Regulations neither flat nor hierarchicalRegulations neither flat nor hierarchical
• Allow For Diversity of Policy SourcesAllow For Diversity of Policy Sources– Peer-Peer and hierarchical policy authoritiesPeer-Peer and hierarchical policy authorities– Enable extension to “cognitive” optimizing logicEnable extension to “cognitive” optimizing logic
Policy “Layer” Flexible for Implementations to Use Without Revisiting for Engineering & Policy Changes
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The XG Problem SpaceHow Do We?
Measure Instantaneous
Spectrum U
sage?
Account for Propagation
Differences?
Policy LanguagePolicy LanguageCommon
Approaches that Must Be Agreed on, and Can be Adopted
Widely
Resolve Inconsiste
nt
Policies?
Infer Ambiguous
Policies?
Protect “Hidden”
Nodes?
Reflect Band-
Specific Policies?
Reflect Nation -
Policies?
Optim
ize System
Performance?
Infe
r Pote
ntial
Inte
rfere
nce?
ImplementationImplementationDesign Specific
Approaches that Can be Implemented in
Many Ways to Develop Unique
Products
Describe Worst-Case Interference?
Abstract Capabilities (Behaviors)
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Levels of Policy Regulation
RegionalRegional
NationalNational NationalNational
Gov’tGov’t Non-Gov’tNon-Gov’t
AgenciesAgencies Commercial & Civil Commercial & Civil OwnersOwners
DoDDoDServicesServices
UnitUnit UnitUnit UserUser UserUser UserUser UserUser UserUser
Interference
Interference
Prevention
Prevention
QOS, Cost
QOS, Cost
Optimization
Optimization
Policy AuthorityPolicy Authority
PolicyPolicy FocusFocus Ontology-Based Policy Controls Enable Combining Ontology-Based Policy Controls Enable Combining
and Processing Rules From Multiple Authoritiesand Processing Rules From Multiple Authorities
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Network-Specific PoliciesNetwork-Specific Policies
RegionalRegional
NationalNational NationalNationalNationalNational NationalNational
Gov’tGov’t NonNon--Gov’tGov’tGov’tGov’t NonNon--Gov’tGov’t
AgenciesAgenciesCommercial & Civil Commercial & Civil
OwnersOwnersDoDDoD
ServicesServicesAgenciesAgencies
Commercial & Civil Commercial & Civil OwnersOwners
DoDDoDServicesServices
UnitUnit UnitUnit UserUser UserUser UserUser UserUser UserUserUnitUnit UnitUnit UserUser UserUser UserUser UserUser UserUser
Interference
InterferencePrevention
Prevention
QOS, Cost
QOS, CostOptimization
Optimization
Interference
InterferencePrevention
Prevention
QOS, Cost
QOS, CostOptimization
Optimization
Policy AuthorityPolicy Authority
PolicyPolicyFocusFocus
Spectrum Regulatory
Spectrum Regulatory
Policies
Policies
Dimensions of Policy Definition
Ra
dio
-Sp
eci
fic
Ra
dio
-Sp
eci
fic
Po
licie
sP
olic
ies
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XG Policy Language
• Need to Express Policies In A Way That The Radio Can UnderstandNeed to Express Policies In A Way That The Radio Can Understand– Current regulatory policies are implicit in radio hardware – policy and Current regulatory policies are implicit in radio hardware – policy and
technology are coupled and costly to changetechnology are coupled and costly to change
– Need to be able to select and update policies in situNeed to be able to select and update policies in situ• New locations, updated policies, new authorizations, ...New locations, updated policies, new authorizations, ...
• Web Ontology Language (OWL) Being Used For Developing XG Web Ontology Language (OWL) Being Used For Developing XG Policy LanguagePolicy Language– Basis for semantic web technology – W3C recommendationBasis for semantic web technology – W3C recommendation
– Provides structure and richness needed to express policiesProvides structure and richness needed to express policies
– Includes general theorem proving/reasoning engines for deductive Includes general theorem proving/reasoning engines for deductive inferenceinference
– OWL Is OWL Is NOTNOT Another Programming Language – structured way to build Another Programming Language – structured way to build representations of knowledge, facts, and rules/policies for machine representations of knowledge, facts, and rules/policies for machine understandingunderstanding
Technology Independent Mathematical Rigor and Logic
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Technology and Policy Evolution
1.1. Enhance Policy Flexibility by Enhance Policy Flexibility by Opening Up the EnvelopeOpening Up the Envelope• Confidence Gained From Confidence Gained From
ExperienceExperience
2.2. Increase Capability to Increase Capability to Dynamically Sense and AdaptDynamically Sense and Adapt• Faster Spectrum Analyzers, Faster Spectrum Analyzers,
More Instantaneous More Instantaneous BandwidthBandwidth
3.3. Develop Radios & Waveform Develop Radios & Waveform Standards that Can Exploit Standards that Can Exploit Sharing PoliciesSharing Policies• Wider Coverage, Better Wider Coverage, Better
Antennas, Adaptive Antennas, Adaptive WaveformsWaveforms
Dim
ens
ion
2D
imen
sio
n 2
Operating Operating AreaArea
Dimension 1Dimension 1
XG Approach XG Approach Allows the Operating Envelope To Autonomously Change Over Time as Policies and Technologies Evolve as Policies and Technologies Evolve Independently
Operating Operating AreaArea
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XG Policy Language Features
• Resolve Multiple Sources Of Policy Without Causing FailureResolve Multiple Sources Of Policy Without Causing Failure– Allows for Multiple Uncoordinated Sources of PolicyAllows for Multiple Uncoordinated Sources of Policy
• Approachable ImplementationApproachable Implementation– Growing Community Of DAML/OWL Users, Features and Authoring ToolsGrowing Community Of DAML/OWL Users, Features and Authoring Tools
• Class ExtensibleClass Extensible– Maximizes Generality and Reduces ComplexityMaximizes Generality and Reduces Complexity– Everyone Can Extend Policies To Their NeedsEveryone Can Extend Policies To Their Needs– Rapid Adoption Of New Policy Concepts And TechnologiesRapid Adoption Of New Policy Concepts And Technologies
• Provable StructureProvable Structure– Set Theory, Logical Reasoning And Theorem ProvingSet Theory, Logical Reasoning And Theorem Proving
• Host Implementation IndependentHost Implementation Independent– All Policies Can Run On Any Compliant DeviceAll Policies Can Run On Any Compliant Device
Transition from Describing Self-Operation to Defining Effects on Others
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Community Input to XG Protocol Development
• Based on Original ARPA/ Internet Protocol “Request for Based on Original ARPA/ Internet Protocol “Request for Comment” ProcessComment” Process– Aspects of XG Standard that Implement Interference “Trust”Aspects of XG Standard that Implement Interference “Trust”
• Protocols, API’s, Behaviors, CertificatesProtocols, API’s, Behaviors, Certificates
– Not Design/Implementation SpecificNot Design/Implementation Specific
• Web Sites Set Up to Host Draft Documents and Public Web Sites Set Up to Host Draft Documents and Public DiscussionsDiscussions– Users Can Access and Comment on DraftsUsers Can Access and Comment on Drafts– RFC: RFC: http://www.darpa.mil/ato/programs/XG/rfcs.htmhttp://www.darpa.mil/ato/programs/XG/rfcs.htm– Comments Accepted at Comments Accepted at XGProgram@darpa.milXGProgram@darpa.mil– List Server: List Server: http://list.ir.bbn.com/mailman/listinfo/xg-publichttp://list.ir.bbn.com/mailman/listinfo/xg-public
• Technical – Not Regulatory ProcessTechnical – Not Regulatory Process
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Accomplishments
• Collected RF Environment For Many ScenariosCollected RF Environment For Many Scenarios– Data Being Used As Basis For Phase 2 Design EvaluationsData Being Used As Basis For Phase 2 Design Evaluations
• First Version Of Sensor CompletedFirst Version Of Sensor Completed– Provides Needed Capability For Rapid Wideband SensingProvides Needed Capability For Rapid Wideband Sensing– Next Revision To Explore High-Risk/High-Payoff EnhancementsNext Revision To Explore High-Risk/High-Payoff Enhancements
• Three Feasible Designs For Interference Avoidance, Three Feasible Designs For Interference Avoidance, Network Operation, And RendezvousNetwork Operation, And Rendezvous– Nearing Phase 2 Evaluations And Competition For Phase 3 Nearing Phase 2 Evaluations And Competition For Phase 3
ParticipationParticipation
• Policy Language And Radio Interface DefinedPolicy Language And Radio Interface Defined– Policy Language RFC v1 Composed And ReleasedPolicy Language RFC v1 Composed And Released– Extensible to Future “Cognitive” TechnologyExtensible to Future “Cognitive” Technology
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Program Development Plan
FY02 FY03 FY04 FY05 FY06
XG System End-to-End XG System End-to-End Mobile DemoMobile Demo
10X ReusePossible
10X Reuse(Lab)
CDR Final Demo
Policy Language DevelopmentPolicy Language Development
System IntegrationSystem Integration System IntegrationSystem Integration
High Risk TechnologiesHigh Risk Technologies
SensingSensing
Lab Demos